Late last week,a pacy pre-monsoon weather systembarrelledinto Uttar Pradesh,bringing a compound of thunderstorms, dust storms, lightning, heavy rain, and thundersqualls to multiple districts at once.
Simple PastAdjunct + S + V + Adjunct + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Late last week
Towards the end of the previous week
SubjectWho/What
a pacypre-monsoon weather system
A fast-moving weather pattern that occurs before the regular rainy season begins
VerbWhat is happening
barrelled
Moved at a very high speed and with great force
AdjunctAdditional info
into Uttar Pradesh
Entering the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh
AdjunctAdditional info
bringing a compound of thunderstorms, dust storms, lightning, heavy rain, and thundersqualls to multiple districts at once
Causing a mixture of severe weather events like wind, rain, and dust in many areas at the same time
Sentence 2 of 18
English Original
By May 14,the tollwas111 deaths and 72 injuries across 26 districts,rendering the storms among the deadliest weather-related disasters in Uttar Pradesh in recent times.
Simple PastAdjunct + S + V + C + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
By May 14
Up to the date of May 14
SubjectWho/What
the toll
The total number of deaths and injuries caused by the disaster
VerbWhat is happening
was
Equalled or amounted to
ComplementCompletes meaning
111 deaths and 72 injuries across 26 districts
The specific details of the casualties spread over twenty-six different administrative areas
AdjunctAdditional info
rendering the storms among the deadliest weather-related disasters in Uttar Pradesh in recent times
Making this event one of the most fatal weather disasters in the state’s recent history
Sentence 3 of 18
English Original
The Statehas experiencedsimilar weather eventsin May-June since 2018, if not before.
Present PerfectS + V + O + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The State
The government and geographical area of Uttar Pradesh
VerbWhat is happening
has experienced
Has gone through or suffered from
ObjectWhat receives action
similar weather events
Comparable storms, winds, and heavy rainfall
AdjunctAdditional info
in May-June since 2018, if not before
During the summer months of May and June in every year starting from 2018, and possibly even earlier
Context and Background
The 2018 North India Storms
In May 2018, northern India, particularly Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, was struck by devastating high-velocity dust storms and thunderstorms. In Uttar Pradesh, Agra district was the worst hit, and the storms claimed at least 73 lives across the state due to structural collapses, establishing 2018 as a historical benchmark for storm vulnerability in the region.
Sentence 4 of 18
English Original
The distinction this yearseemsto have been the intensity,with winds capable of uprooting trees.
Simple PresentS + V + C + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The distinction this year
The primary difference in this year’s weather events compared to previous years
VerbWhat is happening
seems
Appears to be or looks like
ComplementCompletes meaning
to have been the intensity
That the strength or force of the storms was the main factor
AdjunctAdditional info
with winds capable of uprooting trees
Because the storms had winds strong enough to pull entire trees out of the ground
Sentence 5 of 18
English Original
The stormappearsto have been driven by a pre-monsoon convective system,with a fresh western disturbance over the northwest further destabilising conditions.
Simple PresentS + V + C + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The storm
The severe pre-monsoon weather disturbance under discussion
VerbWhat is happening
appears
Seems to be or looks like
ComplementCompletes meaning
to have been driven by a pre-monsoon convective system
To have been caused by rising warm air currents that happen before the rainy season
AdjunctAdditional info
with a fresh western disturbance over the northwest further destabilising conditions
Along with a new wind storm system in the northwest area making the weather even more unstable and violent
Context and Background
Western Disturbances & Convective Systems
A Western Disturbance is an extra-tropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter and pre-monsoon rain to northwestern India. A pre-monsoon convective system is driven by intense ground heating, causing warm, moist air to rise rapidly, cool, and condense into severe thunderstorms.
Sentence 6 of 18
English Original
The India Meteorological Department (IMD)had issuedthunderstorm and lightning alertsbefore the eventand the Uttar Pradesh governmentreportedlyissuedmore than 34 crore red and orange alert messagesvia the SACHET portal.
Past Perfect & Simple PastS + V + O + Adjunct + and + S + Adjunct + V + O + AdjunctIndependent ClausesCompound Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The India Meteorological Department (IMD)
The national government agency responsible for weather forecasting and warnings in India
VerbWhat is happening
had issued
Had officially published or released warnings before the storm started
ObjectWhat receives action
thunderstorm and lightning alerts
Official warnings about heavy rain, thunder, and lightning hazards
AdjunctAdditional info
before the event
Prior to the arrival of the severe weather system
SubjectWho/What
and the Uttar Pradesh government
The ruling state administration of Uttar Pradesh
AdjunctAdditional info
reportedly
According to media reports or official claims
VerbWhat is happening
issued
Sent out or distributed
ObjectWhat receives action
more than 34 crore red and orange alert messages
Over 340 million high-priority warning notifications (where red indicates severe danger and orange indicates prep warnings)
AdjunctAdditional info
via the SACHET portal
Through the official national online alerting system designed to broadcast disaster warnings to mobile phones
Context and Background
The SACHET Portal
SACHET is India’s national disaster alerting portal developed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) for the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). Operational across India, it uses the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) and cell broadcast technology to send real-time, geo-targeted warnings for weather hazards in local languages.
Sentence 7 of 18
English Original
However,itisnot clearwhether these warnings were sufficiently geographically precise or reached their intended beneficiaries in time — and in fact if they simply warned of impending adverse weather or carried instructions for people to act on.
Simple PresentAdjunct + S (preparatory) + V + C + S (extraposed)Main Clause with Subordinate ClausesComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
However
But or nevertheless
SubjectWho/What
it
A dummy word used as a placeholder for the real subject clause that follows
VerbWhat is happening
is
Exists in a state of
ComplementCompletes meaning
not clear
Uncertain or unknown
SubjectWho/What
whether these warnings were sufficientlygeographicallyprecise or reached their intended beneficiaries in time, and in fact if they simply warned of impendingadverse weather or carried instructions for people to act on
If the alerts were targeted to the right locations, reached people early enough, and gave them actual guidance on what to do rather than just telling them that bad weather was coming
Sentence 8 of 18
English Original
Indeed,advance preparationispertinentfor two reasons.
Simple PresentAdjunct + S + V + C + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Indeed
Truly or as a matter of fact
SubjectWho/What
advance preparation
Planning and taking actions before an event occurs
VerbWhat is happening
is
Exists or serves as
ComplementCompletes meaning
pertinent
Relevant or highly important to the situation
AdjunctAdditional info
for two reasons
Because of two specific facts or explanations
Sentence 9 of 18
English Original
The Stateissometimesin a convergence zoneas the hot, dry, ‘loo’ winds from the Thar move east over the plains while moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal push in from the southeast.
Simple PresentS + V + Adjunct + C + AdjunctMain Clause with Subordinate ClausesComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The State
The state of Uttar Pradesh
VerbWhat is happening
is
Exists or is situated
AdjunctAdditional info
sometimes
Occasionally or at certain times
ComplementCompletes meaning
in a convergence zone
In a region where different wind systems meet and collide
AdjunctAdditional info
as the hot, dry, ‘loo’ winds from the Thar move east over the plains while moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal push in from the southeast
Because dry, hot summer winds from the western Thar desert travel east, meeting wet, rain-bearing winds from the Bay of Bengal in the southeast
Context and Background
Loo Winds & Convergence Zones
Loo winds are strong, hot, and dry summer winds that blow over the Indo-Gangetic Plains from the west during May and June. A convergence zone is a region where these dry winds meet warm, moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal, causing the air to rise rapidly and trigger severe pre-monsoon convective storms.
Sentence 10 of 18
English Original
Second,over the undulating Vindhya hills in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra,the convergent air massesmay liftrapidly,producing thunderstorms over specific parts of the State.
Simple Present with ModalAdjunct + Adjunct + S + V + Adjunct + AdjunctMain Clause with Subordinate Participle ClauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Second
In the second place (introducing the second meteorological reason)
AdjunctAdditional info
over the undulatingVindhya hills in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
Above the wavy and uneven hills of the Vindhya range located in the districts of Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
SubjectWho/What
the convergentair masses
The bodies of air that are moving toward each other and meeting
VerbWhat is happening
may lift
Can rise upward into the atmosphere
AdjunctAdditional info
rapidly
Very quickly or at a high speed
AdjunctAdditional info
producing thunderstorms over specific parts of the State
Resulting in severe rain and lightning storms in certain areas of the state of Uttar Pradesh
Context and Background
Vindhya Hills & Orographic Lift
The Vindhya Range acts as a geographic barrier in central India. When warm, convergent air masses from the plains hit these undulating hills, they are forced to rise rapidly (a process known as orographic lift). As the air rises, it cools and condenses, triggering severe convective thunderstorms in specific local pockets.
Sentence 11 of 18
English Original
Effectively,while no authority could have predicted the storms’ local intensity,the underlying riskwashardly unforeseeable.
Simple PastAdjunct + Adjunct + S + V + CMain Clause with Subordinate Adverbial Clause of ConcessionComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Effectively
In practice or in reality
AdjunctAdditional info
while no authority could have predicted the storms’ local intensity
Even though no weather agency or government department could know exactly how strong the storms would be in specific small areas
SubjectWho/What
the underlyingrisk
The hidden or basic danger of severe weather occurring
VerbWhat is happening
was
Existed in that state
ComplementCompletes meaning
hardly unforeseeable
Almost completely expected or predictable based on history
Sentence 12 of 18
English Original
Their recurrence at this time of the year and placeshould raisesharp questionsabout why so many deaths still occurred.
Present with ModalS + V + O + AdjunctMain Clause with Embedded Noun ClauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
Their recurrence at this time of the year and place
The fact that these storms happen repeatedly at this exact time of year and in this state
VerbWhat is happening
should raise
Ought to bring up or cause to ask
ObjectWhat receives action
sharp questions
Critical, direct, and serious questions
AdjunctAdditional info
about why so many deaths still occurred
Regarding the reasons why a high number of people lost their lives despite warnings
Sentence 13 of 18
English Original
Part of the answerissurelythe proximate causes of death and damage,including housing and public infrastructure.
Simple PresentS + V + Adjunct + C + AdjunctMain Clause with modifying participle phraseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
Part of the answer
One section of the explanation for the high death toll
VerbWhat is happening
is
Exists as or equals
AdjunctAdditional info
surely
Without any doubt; certainly
ComplementCompletes meaning
the proximate causes of death and damage
The immediate reasons why people died and properties were destroyed
AdjunctAdditional info
including housing and public infrastructure
Which involves the condition of homes and civic installations like power poles and roads
Context and Background
Disaster Vulnerability & Public Infrastructure
In disaster management, a distinction is made between the hazard (the storm itself) and vulnerability (the susceptibility of communities to damage). While the weather event is a natural phenomenon, the high toll is often due to proximate human-made factors such as structurally weak housing, poorly installed public hoardings, and weak electrical infrastructure. Strengthening these is critical to building disaster resilience.
Sentence 14 of 18
English Original
Uttar Pradeshhasa large number of structurally vulnerable rural and peri-urban households.
Simple PresentS + V + OMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
Uttar Pradesh
The state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India
VerbWhat is happening
has
Possesses or contains
ObjectWhat receives action
a large number of structurally vulnerablerural and peri-urbanhouseholds
A lot of families living in countryside areas and city borders whose houses are not built strongly
Context and Background
Peri-urban Areas & Structural Vulnerability
Peri-urban areas are transition zones between rural countrysides and urban cities. These regions often experience rapid, unregulated growth, characterized by poorly constructed housing (katcha houses or semi-pucca houses) and inadequate municipal planning. This combination makes peri-urban populations highly vulnerable to natural hazards like storms and heavy rain.
Sentence 15 of 18
English Original
If a storm strikes at dusk or later,peopleareoftenindoors or resting under fragile roofs.
Simple PresentAdjunct + S + V + Adjunct + CMain Clause with Subordinate Conditional ClauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
If a storm strikes at dusk or later
In case a thunderstorm hits during evening twilight or during the night
SubjectWho/What
people
The residents or citizens of the area
VerbWhat is happening
are
Exist in a particular state or location
AdjunctAdditional info
often
Frequently or in many instances
ComplementCompletes meaning
indoors or resting under fragile roofs
Inside their houses or sleeping under roofs that are easily broken
Context and Background
Socio-Economic Vulnerability & Housing Types
In rural India, housing is traditionally classified into Kutcha (made of mud, thatch, or bamboo), Semi-Pucca (partially made of bricks and cement but with weak roofing), and Pucca (sturdy concrete houses). Kutcha and Semi-Pucca houses have ‘fragile roofs’ that easily collapse under high-velocity wind storms, making residents highly vulnerable, particularly at night when they are indoors.
Sentence 16 of 18
English Original
In addition,peoplearealsovulnerable to improperly placed or poorly installed hoardings, electrical wiring, and public signage.
Simple PresentAdjunct + S + V + Adjunct + CMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
In addition
Furthermore; additionally
SubjectWho/What
people
The citizens or general public
VerbWhat is happening
are
Exist in a state or condition
AdjunctAdditional info
also
In addition; as well
ComplementCompletes meaning
vulnerable toimproperly placed or poorly installedhoardings, electrical wiring, and public signage
Prone to injury or damage from badly positioned billboards, hanging power lines, and public signs
Context and Background
Urban Infrastructure & Safety Regulations
Rapid urban and peri-urban expansion in India has often bypassed strict building and safety regulations. Improperly placed or structurally weak advertising hoardings and overhead electrical wiring present severe hazards during high-wind events. Incidents of hoarding collapses and electrical short circuits/electrocution during storms highlight the urgent need for structural audits and strict enforcement of civic bylaws.
Sentence 17 of 18
English Original
The Statewasaware of the kinds of damage such storms could causeas it announced separate relief packages depending on the type of farming, crop, and loss.
Simple PastS + V + C + AdjunctMain Clause with Subordinate Adverbial Clause of Reason/TimeComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The State
The state government of Uttar Pradesh
VerbWhat is happening
was
Existed in that state of knowledge
ComplementCompletes meaning
aware of the kinds of damage such storms could cause
Knowing what sort of destruction these weather events can bring
AdjunctAdditional info
as it announced separate relief packages depending on the type of farming, crop, and loss
Because the government released different aid packages based on the agricultural variety, specific plant types, and extent of damage
Context and Background
Agricultural Disaster Relief & Compensation
In India, agricultural disaster relief is institutionalized through the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF). In addition, schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) provide crop insurance. Governments announce customized relief packages based on landholding size, crop type (horticulture vs. food grains), and the percentage of crop damage (typically triggering relief at 33% or more loss).
Sentence 18 of 18
English Original
The underlying riskwasforeseeable,yetthe vulnerabilitywashigh.
Simple Past(S + V + C) + yet + (S + V + C)Coordinate ClausesCompound Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The underlying risk
The basic threat of severe storms occurring in this season and region
VerbWhat is happening
was
Existed in the past
ComplementCompletes meaning
foreseeable
Able to be predicted or expected beforehand
SubjectWho/What
the vulnerability
How open the people and buildings were to being damaged by the storm
VerbWhat is happening
was
Existed in the past (feminine singular agreement in Hindi with ‘संवेदनशीलता’)
Under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030), disaster risk is defined as the product of Hazard, Exposure, and Vulnerability. While hazards (like storms) cannot always be prevented, disaster risk can be mitigated by reducing exposure and vulnerability. Improving housing quality, early warning dissemination, and civic infrastructure are key steps in reducing vulnerability and achieving the Sendai targets.
Sentence 1 of 18
Sentence 1 of 18
Late last week,a pacy pre-monsoon weather systembarrelledinto Uttar Pradesh,bringing a compound of thunderstorms, dust storms, lightning, heavy rain, and thundersqualls to multiple districts at once.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Late last week
Towards the end of the previous week
Subject
a pacy pre-monsoon weather system
A fast-moving weather pattern that occurs before the regular rainy season begins
Verb
barrelled
Moved at a very high speed and with great force
Adjunct
into Uttar Pradesh
Entering the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh
Adjunct
bringing a compound of thunderstorms, dust storms, lightning, heavy rain, and thundersqualls to multiple districts at once
Causing a mixture of severe weather events like wind, rain, and dust in many areas at the same time
Sentence 2 of 18
By May 14,the tollwas111 deaths and 72 injuries across 26 districts,rendering the storms among the deadliest weather-related disasters in Uttar Pradesh in recent times.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
By May 14
Up to the date of May 14
Subject
the toll
The total number of deaths and injuries caused by the disaster
Verb
was
Equalled or amounted to
Complement
111 deaths and 72 injuries across 26 districts
The specific details of the casualties spread over twenty-six different administrative areas
Adjunct
rendering the storms among the deadliest weather-related disasters in Uttar Pradesh in recent times
Making this event one of the most fatal weather disasters in the state’s recent history
Sentence 3 of 18
The Statehas experiencedsimilar weather eventsin May-June since 2018, if not before.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The State
The government and geographical area of Uttar Pradesh
Verb
has experienced
Has gone through or suffered from
Object
similar weather events
Comparable storms, winds, and heavy rainfall
Adjunct
in May-June since 2018, if not before
During the summer months of May and June in every year starting from 2018, and possibly even earlier
Sentence 4 of 18
The distinction this yearseemsto have been the intensity,with winds capable of uprooting trees.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The distinction this year
The primary difference in this year’s weather events compared to previous years
Verb
seems
Appears to be or looks like
Complement
to have been the intensity
That the strength or force of the storms was the main factor
Adjunct
with winds capable of uprooting trees
Because the storms had winds strong enough to pull entire trees out of the ground
Sentence 5 of 18
The stormappearsto have been driven by a pre-monsoon convective system,with a fresh western disturbance over the northwest further destabilising conditions.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The storm
The severe pre-monsoon weather disturbance under discussion
Verb
appears
Seems to be or looks like
Complement
to have been driven by a pre-monsoon convective system
To have been caused by rising warm air currents that happen before the rainy season
Adjunct
with a fresh western disturbance over the northwest further destabilising conditions
Along with a new wind storm system in the northwest area making the weather even more unstable and violent
Sentence 6 of 18
The India Meteorological Department (IMD)had issuedthunderstorm and lightning alertsbefore the eventand the Uttar Pradesh governmentreportedlyissuedmore than 34 crore red and orange alert messagesvia the SACHET portal.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The India Meteorological Department (IMD)
The national government agency responsible for weather forecasting and warnings in India
Verb
had issued
Had officially published or released warnings before the storm started
Object
thunderstorm and lightning alerts
Official warnings about heavy rain, thunder, and lightning hazards
Adjunct
before the event
Prior to the arrival of the severe weather system
Subject
and the Uttar Pradesh government
The ruling state administration of Uttar Pradesh
Adjunct
reportedly
According to media reports or official claims
Verb
issued
Sent out or distributed
Object
more than 34 crore red and orange alert messages
Over 340 million high-priority warning notifications (where red indicates severe danger and orange indicates prep warnings)
Adjunct
via the SACHET portal
Through the official national online alerting system designed to broadcast disaster warnings to mobile phones
Sentence 7 of 18
However,itisnot clearwhether these warnings were sufficiently geographically precise or reached their intended beneficiaries in time — and in fact if they simply warned of impending adverse weather or carried instructions for people to act on.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
However
But or nevertheless
Subject
it
A dummy word used as a placeholder for the real subject clause that follows
Verb
is
Exists in a state of
Complement
not clear
Uncertain or unknown
Subject
whether these warnings were sufficiently geographically precise or reached their intended beneficiaries in time, and in fact if they simply warned of impending adverse weather or carried instructions for people to act on
If the alerts were targeted to the right locations, reached people early enough, and gave them actual guidance on what to do rather than just telling them that bad weather was coming
Sentence 8 of 18
Indeed,advance preparationispertinentfor two reasons.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Indeed
Truly or as a matter of fact
Subject
advance preparation
Planning and taking actions before an event occurs
Verb
is
Exists or serves as
Complement
pertinent
Relevant or highly important to the situation
Adjunct
for two reasons
Because of two specific facts or explanations
Sentence 9 of 18
The Stateissometimesin a convergence zoneas the hot, dry, ‘loo’ winds from the Thar move east over the plains while moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal push in from the southeast.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The State
The state of Uttar Pradesh
Verb
is
Exists or is situated
Adjunct
sometimes
Occasionally or at certain times
Complement
in a convergence zone
In a region where different wind systems meet and collide
Adjunct
as the hot, dry, ‘loo’ winds from the Thar move east over the plains while moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal push in from the southeast
Because dry, hot summer winds from the western Thar desert travel east, meeting wet, rain-bearing winds from the Bay of Bengal in the southeast
Sentence 10 of 18
Second,over the undulating Vindhya hills in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra,the convergent air massesmay liftrapidly,producing thunderstorms over specific parts of the State.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Second
In the second place (introducing the second meteorological reason)
Adjunct
over the undulating Vindhya hills in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
Above the wavy and uneven hills of the Vindhya range located in the districts of Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
Subject
the convergent air masses
The bodies of air that are moving toward each other and meeting
Verb
may lift
Can rise upward into the atmosphere
Adjunct
rapidly
Very quickly or at a high speed
Adjunct
producing thunderstorms over specific parts of the State
Resulting in severe rain and lightning storms in certain areas of the state of Uttar Pradesh
Sentence 11 of 18
Effectively,while no authority could have predicted the storms’ local intensity,the underlying riskwashardly unforeseeable.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Effectively
In practice or in reality
Adjunct
while no authority could have predicted the storms’ local intensity
Even though no weather agency or government department could know exactly how strong the storms would be in specific small areas
Subject
the underlying risk
The hidden or basic danger of severe weather occurring
Verb
was
Existed in that state
Complement
hardly unforeseeable
Almost completely expected or predictable based on history
Sentence 12 of 18
Their recurrence at this time of the year and placeshould raisesharp questionsabout why so many deaths still occurred.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Their recurrence at this time of the year and place
The fact that these storms happen repeatedly at this exact time of year and in this state
Verb
should raise
Ought to bring up or cause to ask
Object
sharp questions
Critical, direct, and serious questions
Adjunct
about why so many deaths still occurred
Regarding the reasons why a high number of people lost their lives despite warnings
Sentence 13 of 18
Part of the answerissurelythe proximate causes of death and damage,including housing and public infrastructure.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Part of the answer
One section of the explanation for the high death toll
Verb
is
Exists as or equals
Adjunct
surely
Without any doubt; certainly
Complement
the proximate causes of death and damage
The immediate reasons why people died and properties were destroyed
Adjunct
including housing and public infrastructure
Which involves the condition of homes and civic installations like power poles and roads
Sentence 14 of 18
Uttar Pradeshhasa large number of structurally vulnerable rural and peri-urban households.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Uttar Pradesh
The state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India
Verb
has
Possesses or contains
Object
a large number of structurally vulnerable rural and peri-urban households
A lot of families living in countryside areas and city borders whose houses are not built strongly
Sentence 15 of 18
If a storm strikes at dusk or later,peopleareoftenindoors or resting under fragile roofs.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
If a storm strikes at dusk or later
In case a thunderstorm hits during evening twilight or during the night
Subject
people
The residents or citizens of the area
Verb
are
Exist in a particular state or location
Adjunct
often
Frequently or in many instances
Complement
indoors or resting under fragile roofs
Inside their houses or sleeping under roofs that are easily broken
Sentence 16 of 18
In addition,peoplearealsovulnerable to improperly placed or poorly installed hoardings, electrical wiring, and public signage.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
In addition
Furthermore; additionally
Subject
people
The citizens or general public
Verb
are
Exist in a state or condition
Adjunct
also
In addition; as well
Complement
vulnerable to improperly placed or poorly installed hoardings, electrical wiring, and public signage
Prone to injury or damage from badly positioned billboards, hanging power lines, and public signs
Sentence 17 of 18
The Statewasaware of the kinds of damage such storms could causeas it announced separate relief packages depending on the type of farming, crop, and loss.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The State
The state government of Uttar Pradesh
Verb
was
Existed in that state of knowledge
Complement
aware of the kinds of damage such storms could cause
Knowing what sort of destruction these weather events can bring
Adjunct
as it announced separate relief packages depending on the type of farming, crop, and loss
Because the government released different aid packages based on the agricultural variety, specific plant types, and extent of damage
Sentence 18 of 18
The underlying riskwasforeseeable,yetthe vulnerabilitywashigh.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The underlying risk
The basic threat of severe storms occurring in this season and region
Verb
was
Existed in the past
Complement
foreseeable
Able to be predicted or expected beforehand
Subject
the vulnerability
How open the people and buildings were to being damaged by the storm
Verb
was
Existed in the past (feminine singular agreement in Hindi with ‘संवेदनशीलता’)
Complement
high
At a great level or scale
Reading Comprehension
Practice questions based on this editorial
Reading Comprehension - Storm Vulnerability in India
Practice reading comprehension questions based on the editorial about the deadly pre-monsoon storms in Uttar Pradesh and India's vulnerability.
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