The Hindu Editorial • September 21, 2026 • Read Original

The new U.S. law on Russian oil imports carries more legal weight

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The Hindu Read Original

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Analysis of editorial from The Hindu newspaper on September 21, 2026

Serious escalation: On the U.S., Russia Sanctions Act and India

The new U.S. law on Russian oil imports carries more legal weight

International Relations US Russia Sanctions ActDonald TrumpTariffsRussian Oil ImportsIndia US TradeMSME ExportersStrategic Autonomy

Sentences

Sentence 1 of 22

English Original

The U.S. Russia Sanctions Act, now signed into law by President Donald Trump, and its resultant impending tariffs, present a new and substantially different escalation of tensions between the U.S. and India.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The U.S. Russia Act,

The newly passed American law imposing penalties on Russia and its trading partners,

Part 2

now by President Donald Trump,

which has just received official approval and presidential signature from Donald Trump,

Part 3

and its resultant ,

along with the expected import taxes that will soon follow,

Part 4

present a new and substantially different of tensions

create a major and noticeably sharper increase in diplomatic friction

Part 5

between the U.S. and India.

in bilateral relations between Washington and New Delhi.

Context and Background

U.S. Secondary Sanctions on Russian Energy

Secondary sanctions are economic penalties imposed by the United States on foreign entities and third-party countries doing business with sanctioned nations like Russia. By targeting purchasers of Russian oil and gas, the U.S. aims to choke off energy revenues that fund Russia’s military expenditures, directly affecting key buyers such as India.

Sentence 2 of 22

English Original

The law provides the U.S. President the authority to levy tariffs of up to 100% on countries such as India that import large quantities of Russian oil and gas.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The law provides the U.S. President the authority

The newly enacted legislation gives the American President the legal power

Part 2

to tariffs of up to 100%

to impose import taxes as high as 100%

Part 3

on countries such as India

on nations like India

Part 4

that import large quantities of Russian oil and gas.

that purchase significant amounts of crude oil and natural gas from Russia.

Sentence 3 of 22

English Original

This is more serious than the penal tariffs that Mr. Trump had levied earlier.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This is more serious

The current situation poses a far greater threat

Part 2

than the tariffs

compared to the punitive import taxes

Part 3

that Mr. Trump had levied earlier.

that Donald Trump had imposed in the past.

Sentence 4 of 22

English Original

The escalation last year of reciprocal tariffs to 50% on India’s import of Russian oil was based on an Executive Order, and could be rescinded through the same method.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The escalation last year of tariffs to 50%

The increase in retaliatory duties up to 50% that took place last year

Part 2

on India’s import of Russian oil

targeting India’s purchases of crude oil from Russia

Part 3

was based on an ,

was implemented purely through a direct presidential directive,

Part 4

and could be through the same method.

and could easily be cancelled or withdrawn just as quickly with another presidential signature.

Context and Background

Executive Orders vs Congressional Statutes

In the United States legal system, an Executive Order is a presidential directive that carries the force of law but can be immediately amended or revoked by the sitting president or a successor without congressional approval. In contrast, laws passed by the U.S. Congress require a formal legislative repeal to overturn.

Sentence 5 of 22

English Original

This latest Act has been passed by the U.S. Congress and so carries a higher order of legal permanence and authority.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This latest Act

This new piece of legislation

Part 2

has been passed by the U.S. Congress

has been formally approved by both houses of the American parliament

Part 3

and so carries a higher order of legal and authority.

and therefore possesses a much stronger, lasting legal power that is hard to undo.

Sentence 6 of 22

English Original

Mr. Trump will have to justify in writing to Congress any waiver he wants to provide.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Mr. Trump will have to justify in writing to Congress

President Donald Trump will be required to submit formal written explanations to the American parliament

Part 2

any he wants to provide.

for any special exemption or tariff relief he wishes to grant.

Sentence 7 of 22

English Original

The 50% tariffs hit Indian exports to the U.S. hard, but the impact was somewhat mitigated by exporters sharing the cost with their American customers.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The 50% tariffs hit Indian exports to the U.S. hard,

The 50% import duties caused severe financial damage to Indian goods being sold to the United States,

Part 2

but the impact was somewhat

although the negative effect was partly reduced or cushioned

Part 3

by exporters sharing the cost with their American customers.

because Indian sellers absorbed a portion of the tax burden alongside their U.S. buyers.

Sentence 8 of 22

English Original

That was, however, a financially devastating and unsustainable bid to retain customers.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

That was, however,

However, that cost-sharing approach was

Part 2

a financially and bid

an economically ruinous and unmaintainable effort

Part 3

to retain customers.

to keep hold of their U.S. buyers and market share.

Sentence 9 of 22

English Original

Sharing a 100% tariff will be impossible for India’s largely micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) exporters.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Sharing a 100% tariff

Absorbing half of a massive 100% import tax

Part 2

will be impossible

will simply be financially unfeasible

Part 3

for India’s largely micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) exporters.

for Indian export businesses, which are predominantly small-scale units with thin profit margins.

Sentence 10 of 22

English Original

The 100% tariffs are also over and above the 10% ‘forced labour’ tariffs and the 50% Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminium.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The 100% tariffs

These prospective 100% duties

Part 2

are also the 10% ‘forced labour’ tariffs

would be added on top of the existing 10% penalties related to forced labour compliance

Part 3

and the 50% tariffs on steel and aluminium.

as well as the 50% national security duties already levied on metals under U.S. trade laws.

Context and Background

Section 232 National Security Tariffs

Section 232 of the U.S. Trade Expansion Act of 1962 allows the U.S. Department of Commerce to investigate whether certain imports threaten American national security. In 2018, the Trump administration used Section 232 to impose sweeping tariffs on global steel and aluminium imports, which significantly impacted Indian metal exports to the United States.

Sentence 11 of 22

English Original

Indian exports to the U.S. will simply become too uncompetitive should these new tariffs come to pass.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Indian exports to the U.S.

Goods shipped from India to the American market

Part 2

will simply become too

will completely lose their price advantage and ability to rival other goods

Part 3

should these new tariffs .

if these newly proposed import duties actually take effect.

Sentence 12 of 22

English Original

India has three options before it: cut Russian oil imports, retain those imports and bear the tariffs, or convince the U.S. to implement a low tariff using the “up to 100%” phrasing of the law.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India has three options before it:

The Indian government has three possible pathways ahead:

Part 2

cut Russian oil imports,

first, completely stop or sharply reduce purchases of Russian crude oil,

Part 3

retain those imports and the tariffs,

second, continue buying Russian energy and absorb the heavy American tax penalties,

Part 4

or convince the U.S. to implement a low tariff

or third, diplomatically persuade Washington to set the penalty at a minimal rate

Part 5

using the “up to 100%” phrasing of the law.

by taking advantage of the legal wording that allows tariffs anywhere from 0% up to 100%.

Sentence 13 of 22

English Original

Continuing with Russian oil imports and bearing the tariffs would be a significant blow to India’s export ambitions and MSMEs.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Continuing with Russian oil imports

Persisting with buying crude oil from Russia

Part 2

and bearing the tariffs

and accepting the heavy American tariff penalties

Part 3

would be a significant

would deal a severe, damaging setback

Part 4

to India’s export and MSMEs.

to India’s long-term export growth targets and small manufacturing businesses.

Sentence 14 of 22

English Original

The U.S. is India’s largest export destination, accounting for about 20% of its total goods exports.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The U.S. is India’s largest export ,

The United States is the single biggest buyer of Indian exported goods,

Part 2

accounting for about 20% of its total goods exports.

making up nearly one-fifth of all merchandise India sells overseas.

Context and Background

India-U.S. Merchandise Trade

The United States is India’s largest individual trading partner and merchandise export destination, purchasing approximately 18% to 20% of India’s total outbound goods shipments annually, comprising textiles, gems and jewellery, pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and electronic items.

Sentence 15 of 22

English Original

In any case, historical data have shown that India has usually complied with U.S. pressure to cut oil imports from particular countries, including from Russia, vocal claims of strategic autonomy aside.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

In any case, historical data have shown

Regardless, past trade records clearly demonstrate

Part 2

that India has usually with U.S. pressure

that New Delhi has typically yielded to American geopolitical demands

Part 3

to cut oil imports from particular countries, including from Russia,

to reduce its petroleum purchases from specific sanctioned nations, such as Iran, Venezuela, and Russia,

Part 4

vocal claims of .

despite India’s frequent public statements asserting an independent foreign policy.

Context and Background

India

Historically, despite asserting strategic autonomy, India has zeroed out crude oil imports from sanctioned nations when U.S. sanctions tightened, notably ending its substantial oil imports from Iran and Venezuela in 2019 under the Trump administration’s Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) pressure.

Sentence 16 of 22

English Original

Finding other sources will be difficult.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Finding other sources

Locating alternative crude oil suppliers in the global market

Part 2

will be difficult.

will prove to be an uphill and complicated task.

Sentence 17 of 22

English Original

Russia accounted for more than 51% of India’s oil imports as of July 2026, while supplies through the Strait of Hormuz remain constrained.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Russia accounted for more than 51% of India’s oil imports

Russia supplied over half of all crude oil purchased by India

Part 2

as of July 2026,

according to trade statistics recorded in July 2026,

Part 3

while supplies through the

at a time when alternative oil shipments passing through the Persian Gulf waterway

Part 4

remain .

continue to be severely restricted due to regional geopolitical tensions.

Context and Background

Strategic Importance of the Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz is the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoint, connecting Middle Eastern crude producers in the Persian Gulf with global markets. Geopolitical instability and maritime security threats in the Persian Gulf restrict supplies passing through Hormuz, limiting India’s ability to swiftly replace Russian crude with traditional West Asian sources like Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

Sentence 18 of 22

English Original

India will have to chivvy countries such as Oman to hasten their expansion of alternative ports.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India will have to countries such as Oman

India will need to persistently nudge and urge friendly Gulf partners like Oman

Part 2

to their expansion of alternative ports.

to speed up the development of deep-sea ports situated outside the vulnerable Persian Gulf.

Context and Background

Oman

Oman’s strategic ports, particularly the Port of Duqm located along the Arabian Sea, lie entirely outside the vulnerable Strait of Hormuz chokepoint. India has signed key maritime and logistics access pacts with Oman to utilize Duqm for commercial and strategic crude transit, bypassing Persian Gulf bottlenecks.

Sentence 19 of 22

English Original

The price of oil remains well above $100 a barrel, meaning finding favourable deals with new suppliers will be increasingly difficult.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The price of oil remains well above $100 a barrel,

International crude oil prices continue to stay higher than $100 per barrel,

Part 2

meaning finding deals with new suppliers

which indicates that negotiating cheap or discounted contracts with other oil exporters

Part 3

will be increasingly difficult.

will become progressively harder and costlier for India.

Sentence 20 of 22

English Original

Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal will have much to do during his planned trip to the U.S. at the end of this month for the G-20 Trade Ministerial.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal

India’s Minister of Commerce and Industry, Piyush Goyal,

Part 2

will have much to do

will face an extensive and critical negotiating agenda

Part 3

during his planned trip to the U.S. at the end of this month

throughout his upcoming official visit to the United States later this month

Part 4

for the .

to attend the high-level meeting of trade ministers from the G-20 member nations.

Sentence 21 of 22

English Original

There are still 30 days before the U.S. can levy its tariffs.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

There are still 30 days

A 30-day window of time remains available

Part 2

before the U.S. can levy its tariffs.

before the American administration can legally start imposing these penalty duties.

Sentence 22 of 22

English Original

India’s ability to secure a low rate will be a true test of Prime Minister Narendra Modi friendship with Mr. Trump.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India’s ability to a low rate

Whether New Delhi succeeds in negotiating a minimal tariff percentage

Part 2

will be a true test

will serve as a genuine trial

Part 3

of Prime Minister Narendra Modi friendship with Mr. Trump.

of the personal rapport and diplomatic bond between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Donald Trump.

Context and Background

Modi-Trump Personal Rapport and Trade Friction

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump have shared high-profile personal diplomacy, marked by major diaspora events such as ‘Howdy Modi’ (Houston, 2019) and ‘Namaste Trump’ (Ahmedabad, 2020). However, bilateral trade ties have frequently faced friction over tariff disputes and market access, making high-level leader-to-leader negotiations crucial for resolving punitive tariffs.

Sentence 1 of 22

Sentences Breakdown

Editorial Summary

5-Point Summary

1 Point 1: The new U.S. Russia Sanctions Act signed by President Donald Trump empowers the U.S. to impose tariffs of up to 100% on countries importing Russian oil and gas.
2 Point 2: Unlike previous executive orders, this congressional legislation carries higher legal permanence and requires written justifications to Congress for waivers.
3 Point 3: Imposing 100% tariffs on top of existing duties would devastate India’s MSME exporters and make Indian goods uncompetitive in the U.S. market.
4 Point 4: India faces difficult choices between cutting Russian oil imports, absorbing heavy tariffs, or negotiating a lower tariff rate.
5 Point 5: With high oil prices and supply chain constraints, Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal and Prime Minister Narendra Modi face a crucial diplomatic test to safeguard trade ties.

Tone of the Editorial

Critical

Why this tone?

The editorial takes a serious and cautionary stance, highlighting the severe economic risks of the new U.S. legislation. Words such as “serious escalation”, “financially devastating”, “unsustainable”, and “significant blow” underscore the gravity of the tariff threat facing India.

Sentence 1 of 22

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The U.S. Russia Sanctions Act,

The newly passed American law imposing penalties on Russia and its trading partners,

Part 2

now signed into law by President Donald Trump,

which has just received official approval and presidential signature from Donald Trump,

Part 3

and its resultant impending tariffs,

along with the expected import taxes that will soon follow,

Part 4

present a new and substantially different escalation of tensions

create a major and noticeably sharper increase in diplomatic friction

Part 5

between the U.S. and India.

in bilateral relations between Washington and New Delhi.

Sentence 2 of 22

The law provides the U.S. President the authority to levy tariffs of up to 100% on countries such as India that import large quantities of Russian oil and gas.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The law provides the U.S. President the authority

The newly enacted legislation gives the American President the legal power

Part 2

to levy tariffs of up to 100%

to impose import taxes as high as 100%

Part 3

on countries such as India

on nations like India

Part 4

that import large quantities of Russian oil and gas.

that purchase significant amounts of crude oil and natural gas from Russia.

Sentence 3 of 22

This is more serious than the penal tariffs that Mr. Trump had levied earlier.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This is more serious

The current situation poses a far greater threat

Part 2

than the penal tariffs

compared to the punitive import taxes

Part 3

that Mr. Trump had levied earlier.

that Donald Trump had imposed in the past.

Sentence 4 of 22

The escalation last year of reciprocal tariffs to 50% on India’s import of Russian oil was based on an Executive Order, and could be rescinded through the same method.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The escalation last year of reciprocal tariffs to 50%

The increase in retaliatory duties up to 50% that took place last year

Part 2

on India’s import of Russian oil

targeting India’s purchases of crude oil from Russia

Part 3

was based on an Executive Order,

was implemented purely through a direct presidential directive,

Part 4

and could be rescinded through the same method.

and could easily be cancelled or withdrawn just as quickly with another presidential signature.

Sentence 5 of 22

This latest Act has been passed by the U.S. Congress and so carries a higher order of legal permanence and authority.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This latest Act

This new piece of legislation

Part 2

has been passed by the U.S. Congress

has been formally approved by both houses of the American parliament

Part 3

and so carries a higher order of legal permanence and authority.

and therefore possesses a much stronger, lasting legal power that is hard to undo.

Sentence 6 of 22

Mr. Trump will have to justify in writing to Congress any waiver he wants to provide.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Mr. Trump will have to justify in writing to Congress

President Donald Trump will be required to submit formal written explanations to the American parliament

Part 2

any waiver he wants to provide.

for any special exemption or tariff relief he wishes to grant.

Sentence 7 of 22

The 50% tariffs hit Indian exports to the U.S. hard, but the impact was somewhat mitigated by exporters sharing the cost with their American customers.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The 50% tariffs hit Indian exports to the U.S. hard,

The 50% import duties caused severe financial damage to Indian goods being sold to the United States,

Part 2

but the impact was somewhat mitigated

although the negative effect was partly reduced or cushioned

Part 3

by exporters sharing the cost with their American customers.

because Indian sellers absorbed a portion of the tax burden alongside their U.S. buyers.

Sentence 8 of 22

That was, however, a financially devastating and unsustainable bid to retain customers.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

That was, however,

However, that cost-sharing approach was

Part 2

a financially devastating and unsustainable bid

an economically ruinous and unmaintainable effort

Part 3

to retain customers.

to keep hold of their U.S. buyers and market share.

Sentence 9 of 22

Sharing a 100% tariff will be impossible for India’s largely micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) exporters.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Sharing a 100% tariff

Absorbing half of a massive 100% import tax

Part 2

will be impossible

will simply be financially unfeasible

Part 3

for India’s largely micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) exporters.

for Indian export businesses, which are predominantly small-scale units with thin profit margins.

Sentence 10 of 22

The 100% tariffs are also over and above the 10% ‘forced labour’ tariffs and the 50% Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminium.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The 100% tariffs

These prospective 100% duties

Part 2

are also over and above the 10% ‘forced labour’ tariffs

would be added on top of the existing 10% penalties related to forced labour compliance

Part 3

and the 50% Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminium.

as well as the 50% national security duties already levied on metals under U.S. trade laws.

Sentence 11 of 22

Indian exports to the U.S. will simply become too uncompetitive should these new tariffs come to pass.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Indian exports to the U.S.

Goods shipped from India to the American market

Part 2

will simply become too uncompetitive

will completely lose their price advantage and ability to rival other goods

Part 3

should these new tariffs come to pass.

if these newly proposed import duties actually take effect.

Sentence 12 of 22

India has three options before it: cut Russian oil imports, retain those imports and bear the tariffs, or convince the U.S. to implement a low tariff using the “up to 100%” phrasing of the law.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India has three options before it:

The Indian government has three possible pathways ahead:

Part 2

cut Russian oil imports,

first, completely stop or sharply reduce purchases of Russian crude oil,

Part 3

retain those imports and bear the tariffs,

second, continue buying Russian energy and absorb the heavy American tax penalties,

Part 4

or convince the U.S. to implement a low tariff

or third, diplomatically persuade Washington to set the penalty at a minimal rate

Part 5

using the “up to 100%” phrasing of the law.

by taking advantage of the legal wording that allows tariffs anywhere from 0% up to 100%.

Sentence 13 of 22

Continuing with Russian oil imports and bearing the tariffs would be a significant blow to India’s export ambitions and MSMEs.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Continuing with Russian oil imports

Persisting with buying crude oil from Russia

Part 2

and bearing the tariffs

and accepting the heavy American tariff penalties

Part 3

would be a significant blow

would deal a severe, damaging setback

Part 4

to India’s export ambitions and MSMEs.

to India’s long-term export growth targets and small manufacturing businesses.

Sentence 14 of 22

The U.S. is India’s largest export destination, accounting for about 20% of its total goods exports.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The U.S. is India’s largest export destination,

The United States is the single biggest buyer of Indian exported goods,

Part 2

accounting for about 20% of its total goods exports.

making up nearly one-fifth of all merchandise India sells overseas.

Sentence 15 of 22

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

In any case, historical data have shown

Regardless, past trade records clearly demonstrate

Part 2

that India has usually complied with U.S. pressure

that New Delhi has typically yielded to American geopolitical demands

Part 3

to cut oil imports from particular countries, including from Russia,

to reduce its petroleum purchases from specific sanctioned nations, such as Iran, Venezuela, and Russia,

Part 4

vocal claims of strategic autonomy aside.

despite India’s frequent public statements asserting an independent foreign policy.

Sentence 16 of 22

Finding other sources will be difficult.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Finding other sources

Locating alternative crude oil suppliers in the global market

Part 2

will be difficult.

will prove to be an uphill and complicated task.

Sentence 17 of 22

Russia accounted for more than 51% of India’s oil imports as of July 2026, while supplies through the Strait of Hormuz remain constrained.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Russia accounted for more than 51% of India’s oil imports

Russia supplied over half of all crude oil purchased by India

Part 2

as of July 2026,

according to trade statistics recorded in July 2026,

Part 3

while supplies through the Strait of Hormuz

at a time when alternative oil shipments passing through the Persian Gulf waterway

Part 4

remain constrained.

continue to be severely restricted due to regional geopolitical tensions.

Sentence 18 of 22

India will have to chivvy countries such as Oman to hasten their expansion of alternative ports.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India will have to chivvy countries such as Oman

India will need to persistently nudge and urge friendly Gulf partners like Oman

Part 2

to hasten their expansion of alternative ports.

to speed up the development of deep-sea ports situated outside the vulnerable Persian Gulf.

Sentence 19 of 22

The price of oil remains well above $100 a barrel, meaning finding favourable deals with new suppliers will be increasingly difficult.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The price of oil remains well above $100 a barrel,

International crude oil prices continue to stay higher than $100 per barrel,

Part 2

meaning finding favourable deals with new suppliers

which indicates that negotiating cheap or discounted contracts with other oil exporters

Part 3

will be increasingly difficult.

will become progressively harder and costlier for India.

Sentence 20 of 22

Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal will have much to do during his planned trip to the U.S. at the end of this month for the G-20 Trade Ministerial.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal

India’s Minister of Commerce and Industry, Piyush Goyal,

Part 2

will have much to do

will face an extensive and critical negotiating agenda

Part 3

during his planned trip to the U.S. at the end of this month

throughout his upcoming official visit to the United States later this month

Part 4

for the G-20 Trade Ministerial.

to attend the high-level meeting of trade ministers from the G-20 member nations.

Sentence 21 of 22

There are still 30 days before the U.S. can levy its tariffs.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

There are still 30 days

A 30-day window of time remains available

Part 2

before the U.S. can levy its tariffs.

before the American administration can legally start imposing these penalty duties.

Sentence 22 of 22

India’s ability to secure a low rate will be a true test of Prime Minister Narendra Modi friendship with Mr. Trump.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India’s ability to secure a low rate

Whether New Delhi succeeds in negotiating a minimal tariff percentage

Part 2

will be a true test

will serve as a genuine trial

Part 3

of Prime Minister Narendra Modi friendship with Mr. Trump.

of the personal rapport and diplomatic bond between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Donald Trump.

Reading Comprehension

Practice questions based on this editorial

Reading Comprehension - U.S. Russia Sanctions Act and India

Practice reading comprehension questions based on the editorial about the U.S. Russia Sanctions Act and its tariff implications for India.

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