The southwest monsoon deficit nationwidehas increasedfrom 35% to 43%;the winds’ northward advancewas stallednear Mumbai;andboth the U.S. NOAA and the India Meteorological Department (IMD)expecta moderate-to-strong El Niñothis year.
The overall shortage of summer rainfall across the entire country of India
VerbWhat is happening
has increased
has grown larger in amount or number
AdjunctAdditional info
from 35% to 43%
moving higher from the previous thirty-five percent shortage to forty-three percent
SubjectWho/What
the winds’ northward advance
the movement of the monsoon winds toward the northern parts of India
VerbWhat is happening
was stalled
was stopped or delayed from moving forward
AdjunctAdditional info
near Mumbai
close to the city of Mumbai
SubjectWho/What
both the U.S. NOAA and the India Meteorological Department (IMD)
two major weather monitoring organizations, one from the United States and one from India
VerbWhat is happening
expect
believe or forecast that something will happen
ObjectWhat receives action
a moderate-to-strong El Niño
a medium to high intensity heating of the Pacific Ocean waters that disrupts weather
AdjunctAdditional info
this year
during the current calendar year
Context and Background
El Niño and Indian Monsoon Forecasts by IMD and NOAA
The southwest monsoon contributes over 70% of India’s annual rainfall and drives its agricultural economy. In 2026, the progress of this monsoon was severely disrupted as deficits jumped to 43% in June. A major driver is El Niño, a periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Historically, El Niño weakens trade winds, suppressing the moisture flow towards India and leading to dry spells. NOAA (USA) and the IMD (India) monitor these ocean temperatures to issue seasonal rainfall forecasts, with ‘moderate-to-strong’ indicating high probability of a below-normal monsoon.
Sentence 2 of 14
English Original
The El Niñosuppressesthe vertical air movement needed for rainclouds to formwhile a warming Pacific is weakening the trade winds that bring moisture to the subcontinent.
The periodic climatic event involving warming of Pacific Ocean waters
VerbWhat is happening
suppresses
stops or prevents something from growing, developing, or acting
ObjectWhat receives action
the vertical air movement needed for rainclouds to form
the upward flow of air that is necessary to create clouds that produce rain
AdjunctAdditional info
while a warming Pacific is weakening the trade winds that bring moisture to the subcontinent
at the same time as the heating of the Pacific Ocean makes the easterly winds that carry wet air to India much weaker
Context and Background
Walker Circulation and trade winds: How El Niño Suppresses Rain
The Indian monsoon relies on strong easterly trade winds that blow across the equator, gathering moisture from the Indian Ocean and carrying it to the subcontinent. Under normal conditions, solar heating warms the western Pacific Ocean, creating low pressure that causes warm, moist air to rise (convection), form clouds, and rain over Asia. This is part of the Walker Circulation. During an El Niño, however, the central and eastern Pacific warm up, causing the rising branch of air to shift eastward. This alters the Walker Circulation, leading to sinking air (subsidence) over India, which suppresses vertical air movement, weakens the trade winds, and stops rainclouds from forming.
Sentence 3 of 14
English Original
The Madden-Julian Oscillationisalsoin an unfavourable phaseandthe Indian Ocean Dipolecurrentlycannot offera buffer.
A major moving band of clouds and rain along the equator that shifts weather every few weeks
VerbWhat is happening
is
exists in a state of
AdjunctAdditional info
also
in addition to the El Niño
ComplementCompletes meaning
in an unfavourable phase
in a position or cycle that does not support rain over India
SubjectWho/What
the Indian Ocean Dipole
A climate pattern caused by temperature differences between the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean
AdjunctAdditional info
currently
at this present time
VerbWhat is happening
cannot offer
is not able to provide
ObjectWhat receives action
a buffer
a protection or shield that reduces the shock of something bad
Context and Background
Local Climate Drivers: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) & Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
While global events like El Niño set the seasonal baseline, regional weather systems like the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) act as active modulators. The MJO is a traveling pulse of convective rainclouds that moves eastward along the equator every 30 to 60 days. If the MJO is over the Indian Ocean (Phases 3–6), it boosts rainfall; in an ‘unfavourable phase’ (outside this range), it suppresses it. The IOD is an ocean temperature oscillation across the Indian Ocean. A positive IOD - warmer waters in the west (near Africa) compared to the east (near Indonesia) - boosts the monsoon and can buffer the drought-like effects of an El Niño. A neutral or negative IOD offers no such buffer, leaving the monsoon exposed to El Niño’s full impact.
Sentence 4 of 14
English Original
Further,while northwest India has received 5% more rain than normal,central India and the northeastfacedeficits of 63% and 43%, respectively.
Present Perfect and Simple PresentAdjunct + Adjunct + Subject + Verb + ObjectMain Clause preceded by an Adverbial Clause of Contrast/ConcessionComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Further
in addition to what has been said
AdjunctAdditional info
while northwest India has received 5% more rain than normal
although the northwest region of the country got five percent more rainfall than the long-term average
SubjectWho/What
central India and the northeast
the middle states and the far northeastern states of India
VerbWhat is happening
face
experience or deal with a difficult situation
ObjectWhat receives action
deficits of 63% and 43%, respectively
rain shortages of sixty-three percent in the center and forty-three percent in the northeast, in that order
Context and Background
IMD Geographical Divisions and Long Period Average (LPA)
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) monitors monsoon rainfall by dividing the country into four major geographical regions: Northwest India, Central India, the South Peninsula, and East & Northeast India. Rainfall deviations are calculated against the Long Period Average (LPA), which represents the 50-year average rainfall (currently 1971–2020). While a surplus of 5% in the Northwest is categorized as ‘normal’ (as it falls within the ±19% deviation band), deficits of 63% in Central India and 43% in the Northeast are highly critical and categorized as ‘deficient’ (departure from LPA by more than 19%), highlighting a severe spatial inequality in early monsoon distribution.
Sentence 5 of 14
English Original
Butwith two-thirds of the seasonal rainfall historically arriving in July and August,the monsoonmay still recover and salvagethe season.
Simple Present (with Modal Probability)Adjunct + Subject + Verb + ObjectMain Clause preceded by an adverbial modifierSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
with two-thirds of the seasonal rainfall historically arriving in July and August
since sixty-six percent of the summer rains traditionally fall during the peak months of July and August
SubjectWho/What
the monsoon
the seasonal rain-bearing winds of South Asia
VerbWhat is happening
may still recover and salvage
has a chance to improve and rescue from failure
ObjectWhat receives action
the season
the current summer crop cycle and rainfall period
Context and Background
Peak Monsoon Months: The Hydrological Role of July & August
In India, the southwest monsoon spans from June to September, but the precipitation is heavily concentrated. July and August are the wettest months, historically accounting for nearly 66% (two-thirds) of the entire season’s rainfall. This concentration occurs because, by July, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or ‘monsoon trough’ settles fully over the Indo-Gangetic plains, and the intense thermal heating of the Tibetan Plateau maximizes the pressure gradient between the Asian landmass and the Indian Ocean. This mature circulation pulls in strong, deep moisture currents. Consequently, reservoir replenishment and kharif crop sowing are critically dependent on these two months, offering a window for the monsoon to recover despite a deficit start in June.
Sentence 6 of 14
English Original
Together with reservoir storage at 30.4% of capacity, compared with 25.1% during previous El Niño years,thereisno reason for alarmyet.
Simple PresentAdjunct + Subject + Verb + Complement + AdjunctMain Clause modified by a complex prepositional phraseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Together with reservoir storage at 30.4% of capacity, compared with 25.1% during previous El Niño years
combined with the fact that water stored in reservoirs is currently at 30.4 percent of capacity, which is higher than the 25.1 percent level recorded in past El Niño seasons
SubjectWho/What
there
Grammatical placeholder used to state that something exists or does not exist
VerbWhat is happening
is
exists
ComplementCompletes meaning
no reason for alarm
no justification for feeling panicked or worried about water shortages
AdjunctAdditional info
yet
up to this point in time
Context and Background
Reservoir Storage Monitoring: Central Water Commission (CWC)
The Central Water Commission (CWC) is India’s apex technical organization under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. It monitors the live storage status of 166 major reservoirs across the country on a weekly basis, representing a total capacity of approximately 183.565 BCM (Billion Cubic Metres) or about 71% of India’s total storage capacity. These levels are critical for domestic drinking water, industrial use, and winter crop (rabi) irrigation. A storage level of 30.4% in late June 2026 is higher than the 25.1% seen in past El Niño years, indicating that while monsoon rainfall is deficient, India’s initial surface water reserves provide a temporary buffer, preventing immediate panic.
Sentence 7 of 14
English Original
However,the effects for agriculturearemore concerning.
Simple PresentAdjunct + Subject + Verb + ComplementMain Clause introduced by a transitional adverbSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
However
nevertheless; indicating a contrast or transition to a different point
SubjectWho/What
the effects for agriculture
the impacts and consequences of low rainfall on farming activities
VerbWhat is happening
are
exist in a state of being
ComplementCompletes meaning
more concerning
causing more worry, anxiety, or unease
Sentence 8 of 14
English Original
The Agriculture Ministryhas already prioritised111 districts out of 315 vulnerable onesbased on their irrigation coverage.
The government ministry responsible for agriculture, farming policies, and crop welfare in India
VerbWhat is happening
has already prioritised
has already decided which regions need help first
ObjectWhat receives action
111 districts out of 315 vulnerable ones
one hundred and eleven dry or weak areas selected from a total group of three hundred and fifteen regions at risk
AdjunctAdditional info
based on their irrigation coverage
according to how much of their farmland has access to artificial water systems like canals, tube wells, or ponds
Context and Background
Agricultural Contingency Planning: District Classification by Irrigation
Under emerging El Niño threats, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, in coordination with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), prepares District Agriculture Contingency Plans (DACPs). The ministry has identified 315 districts across India vulnerable to monsoon failure. These are prioritized by irrigation coverage: 111 ‘high-priority’ districts have irrigation coverage below 25%, making them highly rain-dependent; 76 ‘medium-priority’ districts have 25–50% irrigation coverage; while 128 ‘low-priority’ districts have irrigation coverage exceeding 50%. High-priority districts receive immediate interventions, such as shifting sowing to drought-resilient crops (millets, pulses, oilseeds) and fast-tracking Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loans.
Sentence 9 of 14
English Original
Extreme heathas been reducingfarm labour productivity.
very high temperatures that go far beyond what is comfortable or safe for outdoor work
VerbWhat is happening
has been reducing
has been making smaller in amount, degree, or size over a continuous period
ObjectWhat receives action
farm labourproductivity
the amount of work that agricultural workers can successfully complete in a given time
Context and Background
Climate Stress and Agricultural Productivity: The Impact of Wet-Bulb Temperature
Agricultural labor in India is highly exposed to thermal stress, which severely impacts human physiology. When standard atmospheric temperatures are combined with high humidity, it is measured as ‘wet-bulb temperature’ (WBT). High WBT prevents the human body from cooling itself via sweat evaporation. When WBT exceeds 31–32°C, moderate physical labor becomes hazardous, causing up to a 50% immediate reduction in work capacity. Outdoor workers suffer from dehydration, heat exhaustion, and chronic kidney diseases. Studies indicate that Indian farm workers lose 54 to 81 working days annually due to heat waves, putting nearly 4.5% of India’s GDP at risk by 2030 and exacerbating rural income distress.
Sentence 10 of 14
English Original
High heat and rain shortfallhave sownanxiety over the cardamom harvest in Idukki,a fate that bodes ill for other plantation crops in the Western Ghats.
Present Perfect and Simple PresentSubject + Verb + Object + ComplementMain Clause with an appositive modifier containing an adjective clauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
High heat and rain shortfall
elevated temperatures and a lack of sufficient rainfall occurring together
VerbWhat is happening
have sown
have planted or created (ideas, feelings, or situations)
ObjectWhat receives action
anxiety over the cardamom harvest in Idukki
deep worry and stress regarding the yield and collection of cardamom spice in the Idukki district
ComplementCompletes meaning
a fate that bodes ill for other plantation crops in the Western Ghats
a bad outcome that signals trouble and poor prospects for other commercial crops grown in the mountain range
Context and Background
Spices Capital and Western Ghats Ecology: Cardamom Crisis in Idukki
Idukki district in Kerala is India’s primary hub for cardamom cultivation, producing the majority of the nation’s high-quality small cardamom. Cardamom is a highly thermo-sensitive crop that thrives only in cool, humid, and shaded under-canopy environments of the Western Ghats (ideally between 10°C and 35°C). Sustained high temperatures and delayed rains in Idukki have caused severe flower shedding, premature capsule drop, and extended the harvest cycle from 60 days to over 90 days, devastating yields. The Western Ghats is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a global biodiversity hotspot; its unique microclimate supports major plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, and black pepper. Searing heat and drought threaten these ecosystems, signaling a broader agricultural crisis across the region.
Sentence 11 of 14
English Original
Vegetable supplieshave also suffered,pushing up prices.
Present Perfect and Present ParticipleSubject + Verb + AdjunctMain Clause followed by a non-finite participial clause of resultSimple Sentence containing a non-finite participial modifier
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
Vegetable supplies
the quantity of fresh vegetables available in the markets for consumers to buy
VerbWhat is happening
have also suffered
have experienced damage, disruption, or reduction as well
AdjunctAdditional info
pushing up prices
causing retail and wholesale market costs of vegetables to rise quickly
Context and Background
Vegetable Price Shocks: The
In India, vegetable inflation is a primary driver of volatility in retail inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Vegetables have a moderate weight in the CPI basket, but their prices are extremely supply-sensitive and volatile. This is particularly true for the ‘TOP’ group (Tomato, Onion, Potato), which are staple commodities. Deficient or erratic rainfall during the early monsoon shocks vegetable harvests, leading to crop losses and transport disruptions. These supply shocks cause retail vegetable prices to spike rapidly, contributing to a surge in food inflation. Because food represents a major portion of Indian household consumption, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) closely monitors food inflation, as persistent high prices can de-anchor overall inflation expectations and delay interest rate cuts.
Sentence 12 of 14
English Original
Moreover,fertiliser availabilityisunder pressuredue to global factors like Chinese export curbs and tensions in West Asia.
the supply of and access to agricultural fertilizers for farming
VerbWhat is happening
is
currently exists in a state of
ComplementCompletes meaning
under pressure
facing difficulties, stress, or restrictions
AdjunctAdditional info
due to global factors like Chinese export curbs and tensions in West Asia
because of international problems such as restrictions on exports from China and political conflicts in the Middle East
Context and Background
Global Supply Shocks and Fertilizer Security: Chinese Curbs & West Asia Tensions
India’s agricultural sector is heavily dependent on imported fertilizers, particularly urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and muriate of potash (MOP), as well as feedstocks like natural gas. In 2026, two major global disruptions severely affected this supply. First, China (the world’s largest exporter of phosphate and urea) imposed strict export quotas and customs curbs to secure its domestic agricultural needs. Second, geopolitical tensions in West Asia escalated, disrupting critical shipping lanes (such as the Red Sea and Strait of Hormuz) and spiking energy prices. This combined shock inflated fertilizer input costs for the Indian kharif sowing season, threatening crop yields and government subsidy budgets.
Sentence 13 of 14
English Original
Retail food inflationwas4.2%in April;further deficitswillespeciallythreatenvegetables and pulses,complicating the monetary policy.
the rate at which the consumer prices of food items rise in retail markets
VerbWhat is happening
was
stood at / measured
ComplementCompletes meaning
4.2%
four point two percent
AdjunctAdditional info
in April
during the month of April
SubjectWho/What
further deficits
additional shortfalls in monsoon rain
VerbWhat is happening
will especially threaten
are highly likely to harm or reduce the supply of
ObjectWhat receives action
vegetables and pulses
fresh garden vegetables and edible legume seeds like lentils and beans
AdjunctAdditional info
complicating the monetary policy
making it difficult for the central bank to manage interest rates and control inflation
Context and Background
Food Inflation Dynamics and RBI
Food inflation is a key component of India’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) basket, representing nearly 46% of its total weight. In April 2026, retail food inflation stood at 4.2%. A deficient monsoon directly spikes the prices of supply-sensitive items like vegetables and pulses. When food inflation spikes, it can spill over into non-food sectors (general inflation expectations). This complicates the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) monetary policy. The RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) aims to keep headline CPI inflation at 4% (within a 2–6% comfort band). High food inflation forces the RBI to keep interest rates high (repo rate) to prevent price surges, even if high interest rates slow down general economic growth, creating a policy dilemma.
Sentence 14 of 14
English Original
India’s rural economyremainsoverly dependent on the assumption of reliable rainfall,suggestinga need to shift toward more sustainable, water-centric organization and resilience strategies.
Simple Present and Present ParticipleSubject + Verb + Complement + Participle ModifierMain Clause containing a non-finite participial clauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
India’s rural economy
the economic and farming livelihood systems of Indian villages
VerbWhat is happening
remains
continues to be
ComplementCompletes meaning
overly dependent on the assumption of reliable rainfall
relying too much on the belief that rains will always fall predictably and on time
VerbWhat is happening
suggesting
pointing out or indicating
ObjectWhat receives action
a need to shift toward more sustainable, water-centric organization and resilience strategies
the necessity to change our focus to long-term water management, water conservation, and methods to survive climate changes
Context and Background
Transitioning from Rain-Centric to Water-Centric Agricultural Planning
India’s agricultural planning has historically been ‘rain-centric’, meaning cropping patterns, sowing dates, and farm investments are heavily aligned with the calendar dates of the southwest monsoon. However, climate change has made monsoon onset, spatial distribution, and dry spells highly erratic. To build climate resilience, agricultural economists advocate for a shift toward ‘water-centric’ organization. This involves: 1) crop diversification away from water-intensive crops (like paddy and sugarcane in dryland regions) toward climate-resilient millets, pulses, and oilseeds; 2) expansion of micro-irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler) to maximize water-use efficiency; and 3) watershed development, rainwater harvesting, and groundwater recharge. These strategies help decouple rural livelihoods from monsoon volatility, ensuring stable farm incomes.
Sentence 1 of 14
Sentence 1 of 14
The southwest monsoon deficit nationwidehas increasedfrom 35% to 43%;the winds’ northward advancewas stallednear Mumbai;andboth the U.S. NOAA and the India Meteorological Department (IMD)expecta moderate-to-strong El Niñothis year.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The southwest monsoon deficit nationwide
The overall shortage of summer rainfall across the entire country of India
Verb
has increased
has grown larger in amount or number
Adjunct
from 35% to 43%
moving higher from the previous thirty-five percent shortage to forty-three percent
Subject
the winds’ northward advance
the movement of the monsoon winds toward the northern parts of India
Verb
was stalled
was stopped or delayed from moving forward
Adjunct
near Mumbai
close to the city of Mumbai
Subject
both the U.S. NOAA and the India Meteorological Department (IMD)
two major weather monitoring organizations, one from the United States and one from India
Verb
expect
believe or forecast that something will happen
Object
a moderate-to-strong El Niño
a medium to high intensity heating of the Pacific Ocean waters that disrupts weather
Adjunct
this year
during the current calendar year
Sentence 2 of 14
The El Niñosuppressesthe vertical air movement needed for rainclouds to formwhile a warming Pacific is weakening the trade winds that bring moisture to the subcontinent.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The El Niño
The periodic climatic event involving warming of Pacific Ocean waters
Verb
suppresses
stops or prevents something from growing, developing, or acting
Object
the vertical air movement needed for rainclouds to form
the upward flow of air that is necessary to create clouds that produce rain
Adjunct
while a warming Pacific is weakening the trade winds that bring moisture to the subcontinent
at the same time as the heating of the Pacific Ocean makes the easterly winds that carry wet air to India much weaker
Sentence 3 of 14
The Madden-Julian Oscillationisalsoin an unfavourable phaseandthe Indian Ocean Dipolecurrentlycannot offera buffer.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The Madden-Julian Oscillation
A major moving band of clouds and rain along the equator that shifts weather every few weeks
Verb
is
exists in a state of
Adjunct
also
in addition to the El Niño
Complement
in an unfavourable phase
in a position or cycle that does not support rain over India
Subject
the Indian Ocean Dipole
A climate pattern caused by temperature differences between the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean
Adjunct
currently
at this present time
Verb
cannot offer
is not able to provide
Object
a buffer
a protection or shield that reduces the shock of something bad
Sentence 4 of 14
Further,while northwest India has received 5% more rain than normal,central India and the northeastfacedeficits of 63% and 43%, respectively.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Further
in addition to what has been said
Adjunct
while northwest India has received 5% more rain than normal
although the northwest region of the country got five percent more rainfall than the long-term average
Subject
central India and the northeast
the middle states and the far northeastern states of India
Verb
face
experience or deal with a difficult situation
Object
deficits of 63% and 43%, respectively
rain shortages of sixty-three percent in the center and forty-three percent in the northeast, in that order
Sentence 5 of 14
Butwith two-thirds of the seasonal rainfall historically arriving in July and August,the monsoonmay still recover and salvagethe season.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
with two-thirds of the seasonal rainfall historically arriving in July and August
since sixty-six percent of the summer rains traditionally fall during the peak months of July and August
Subject
the monsoon
the seasonal rain-bearing winds of South Asia
Verb
may still recover and salvage
has a chance to improve and rescue from failure
Object
the season
the current summer crop cycle and rainfall period
Sentence 6 of 14
Together with reservoir storage at 30.4% of capacity, compared with 25.1% during previous El Niño years,thereisno reason for alarmyet.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Together with reservoir storage at 30.4% of capacity, compared with 25.1% during previous El Niño years
combined with the fact that water stored in reservoirs is currently at 30.4 percent of capacity, which is higher than the 25.1 percent level recorded in past El Niño seasons
Subject
there
Grammatical placeholder used to state that something exists or does not exist
Verb
is
exists
Complement
no reason for alarm
no justification for feeling panicked or worried about water shortages
Adjunct
yet
up to this point in time
Sentence 7 of 14
However,the effects for agriculturearemore concerning.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
However
nevertheless; indicating a contrast or transition to a different point
Subject
the effects for agriculture
the impacts and consequences of low rainfall on farming activities
Verb
are
exist in a state of being
Complement
more concerning
causing more worry, anxiety, or unease
Sentence 8 of 14
The Agriculture Ministryhas already prioritised111 districts out of 315 vulnerable onesbased on their irrigation coverage.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The Agriculture Ministry
The government ministry responsible for agriculture, farming policies, and crop welfare in India
Verb
has already prioritised
has already decided which regions need help first
Object
111 districts out of 315 vulnerable ones
one hundred and eleven dry or weak areas selected from a total group of three hundred and fifteen regions at risk
Adjunct
based on their irrigation coverage
according to how much of their farmland has access to artificial water systems like canals, tube wells, or ponds
Sentence 9 of 14
Extreme heathas been reducingfarm labour productivity.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Extreme heat
very high temperatures that go far beyond what is comfortable or safe for outdoor work
Verb
has been reducing
has been making smaller in amount, degree, or size over a continuous period
Object
farm labour productivity
the amount of work that agricultural workers can successfully complete in a given time
Sentence 10 of 14
High heat and rain shortfallhave sownanxiety over the cardamom harvest in Idukki,a fate that bodes ill for other plantation crops in the Western Ghats.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
High heat and rain shortfall
elevated temperatures and a lack of sufficient rainfall occurring together
Verb
have sown
have planted or created (ideas, feelings, or situations)
Object
anxiety over the cardamom harvest in Idukki
deep worry and stress regarding the yield and collection of cardamom spice in the Idukki district
Complement
a fate that bodes ill for other plantation crops in the Western Ghats
a bad outcome that signals trouble and poor prospects for other commercial crops grown in the mountain range
Sentence 11 of 14
Vegetable supplieshave also suffered,pushing up prices.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Vegetable supplies
the quantity of fresh vegetables available in the markets for consumers to buy
Verb
have also suffered
have experienced damage, disruption, or reduction as well
Adjunct
pushing up prices
causing retail and wholesale market costs of vegetables to rise quickly
Sentence 12 of 14
Moreover,fertiliser availabilityisunder pressuredue to global factors like Chinese export curbs and tensions in West Asia.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Moreover
in addition to what has already been said
Subject
fertiliser availability
the supply of and access to agricultural fertilizers for farming
Verb
is
currently exists in a state of
Complement
under pressure
facing difficulties, stress, or restrictions
Adjunct
due to global factors like Chinese export curbs and tensions in West Asia
because of international problems such as restrictions on exports from China and political conflicts in the Middle East
Sentence 13 of 14
Retail food inflationwas4.2%in April;further deficitswillespeciallythreatenvegetables and pulses,complicating the monetary policy.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Retail food inflation
the rate at which the consumer prices of food items rise in retail markets
Verb
was
stood at / measured
Complement
4.2%
four point two percent
Adjunct
in April
during the month of April
Subject
further deficits
additional shortfalls in monsoon rain
Verb
will especially threaten
are highly likely to harm or reduce the supply of
Object
vegetables and pulses
fresh garden vegetables and edible legume seeds like lentils and beans
Adjunct
complicating the monetary policy
making it difficult for the central bank to manage interest rates and control inflation
Sentence 14 of 14
India’s rural economyremainsoverly dependent on the assumption of reliable rainfall,suggestinga need to shift toward more sustainable, water-centric organization and resilience strategies.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
India’s rural economy
the economic and farming livelihood systems of Indian villages
Verb
remains
continues to be
Complement
overly dependent on the assumption of reliable rainfall
relying too much on the belief that rains will always fall predictably and on time
Verb
suggesting
pointing out or indicating
Object
a need to shift toward more sustainable, water-centric organization and resilience strategies
the necessity to change our focus to long-term water management, water conservation, and methods to survive climate changes
Practice reading comprehension questions based on the editorial about the progress of the southwest monsoon, examining climate phenomena like El Niño, agricultural input risks, and structural reforms.
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