The Hindu Editorial • June 08, 2026 • Read Original

Missed call: On India and the southwest monsoon

India must brace itself for a deficient southwest monsoon

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Analysis of editorial from The Hindu newspaper on June 08, 2026

Missed call: On India and the southwest monsoon

India must brace itself for a deficient southwest monsoon

Southwest MonsoonIndia Monsoon ForecastEl NinoIndian Ocean DipoleAgricultural Preparedness

Sentences

Sentence 1 of 21

English Original

The southwest monsoon reached Kerala on June 4, three days past its normal date and four days behind the India Meteorological Department’s own forecast.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The

The seasonal rain-bearing winds that bring rainfall to India from June to September.

Part 2

reached

arrived at a destination.

Part 3

Kerala

A coastal state in southern India where the monsoon rains first hit the mainland.

Part 4

on June 4, three days past its normal date and four days behind the ’s own

on the fourth of June, which is three days later than the usual date (June 1) and four days later than the date predicted by the government weather agency.

Context and Background

IMD and Monsoon Onset in Kerala

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) is the primary government body for weather monitoring in India. The normal onset date for the southwest monsoon in Kerala is June 1. The onset of the monsoon marks the official start of the four-month rainy season, which is vital for the country’s agriculture.

Sentence 2 of 21

English Original

This is the first time since 2015 that the agency has misjudged the onset beyond its margin of error.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This

This situation of the monsoon arriving late and missing the predicted date.

Part 2

represents or equals.

Part 3

the first time since 2015 that the has the beyond its

the first occurrence in eleven years where the IMD’s prediction of when the monsoon starts was wrong by more days than their allowed margin of error.

Sentence 3 of 21

English Original

A late arrival, in itself, is no calamity.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

A late arrival

The delayed starting of the monsoon season.

Part 2

in itself

on its own, without considering other associated factors.

Part 3

is (linking verb).

Part 4

not a disaster or a catastrophic event.

Sentence 4 of 21

English Original

The date on which the rains touch the Kerala coast has little statistical bearing on how much falls over the four months that follow.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The date on which the rains touch the Kerala coast

The specific day when the monsoon rains first arrive at the shores of Kerala.

Part 2

has

possesses or holds.

Part 3

little on how much falls over the four months that follow

very little mathematical connection to the total amount of rainfall during the remaining four months of the monsoon.

Sentence 5 of 21

English Original

Many times in the past, the monsoon has begun early and failed, and also begun late and recovered.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Many times in the past

On several occasions in previous years.

Part 2

the monsoon

The seasonal rain system in India.

Part 3

has begun early and failed, and also begun late and

has started earlier than usual but given poor rain, and has also started later than usual but still improved to give good rain.

Sentence 6 of 21

English Original

It is what the monsoon has in store over the next four months that is unsettling.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The situation regarding the monsoon.

Part 2

is (linking verb).

Part 3

what the monsoon has over the next four months

what the rain system is going to bring during the upcoming four months.

Part 4

that is

which is causing worry or making people feel anxious.

Sentence 7 of 21

English Original

The India Meteorological Department has pegged seasonal rainfall at 90% of the long-period average, with a 60% probability of an outright deficient year — its most pessimistic pre-season call in a decade.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The India Meteorological Department

The central government department responsible for weather forecasting and meteorology in India.

Part 2

has

has fixed or estimated at a specific amount or level.

Part 3

seasonal rainfall

The total volume of rain that falls during the entire monsoon period.

Part 4

at 90% of the , with a 60% of an outright — its most pre-season in a decade

at ninety percent of the historical average rainfall, with a sixty percent chance of having a major rain shortage, which is their most negative prediction before the monsoon starts in ten years.

Context and Background

Long-Period Average (LPA) and Monsoon Categories

The Long-Period Average (LPA) is the average rainfall recorded over a period of 50 years (currently 1971-2020, which is 87 cm for the southwest monsoon). The IMD classifies monsoon rainfall into five categories: ‘excess’ (above 110% of LPA), ‘above normal’ (104% to 110%), ‘normal’ (96% to 104%), ‘below normal’ (90% to 96%), and ‘deficient’ (below 90% of LPA).

Sentence 8 of 21

English Original

While the northeast is expected to get normal rainfall, the northwest, central India, the southern peninsula and the critical ‘monsoon core zone’ — which houses the majority of the country’s rain-fed agriculture — are all expected to see shortfalls.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

While the northeast is expected to get normal rainfall

Although the northeastern part of the country is predicted to receive its usual amount of rain.

Part 2

the northwest, central India, the and the critical ‘’ — which houses the majority of the country’s —

the regions of northwest India, central India, the southern peninsula, and the key agricultural belt that depends heavily on rain for farming rather than artificial irrigation.

Part 3

are all expected

are forecasted by experts.

Part 4

to see

to receive less rainfall than the historical normal.

Context and Background

The Monsoon Core Zone and Rain-fed Agriculture

The ‘monsoon core zone’ (MCZ) covers Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and parts of Rajasthan. This region is critical because it represents the heart of India’s rain-fed agricultural sector. Unlike irrigated lands, rain-fed agriculture depends entirely on seasonal monsoon rains. Shortfalls in this zone directly impact the production of key crops like pulses, oilseeds, cotton, and coarse grains.

Sentence 9 of 21

English Original

History offers little comfort.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

History

Past events and historical facts.

Part 2

offers

provides or presents.

Part 3

little

very little hope or reassurance.

Sentence 10 of 21

English Original

Of the six occasions that India saw a deficient monsoon since 2000, five were years when the El Niño was active.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Of the six that India saw a deficient monsoon since 2000

Out of the six times since the year 2000 when India had a shortage of monsoon rain.

Part 2

five

five of those years.

Part 3

were

were (linking verb).

Part 4

years when the was

years during which the Pacific Ocean climate pattern known as El Niño was happening.

Context and Background

El Niño and its Impact on the Indian Monsoon

El Niño is a climate pattern involving the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This warming disrupts global atmospheric circulation. In India, El Niño is strongly linked to weaker monsoon winds and reduced rainfall, historically causing five out of the last six major drought years since 2000.

Sentence 11 of 21

English Original

The exception, 2021, was a year when El Niño’s counterpart, the La Niña, was active.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The , 2021

The only year among the six drought years that did not fit the El Niño pattern.

Part 2

was

was (linking verb).

Part 3

a year when El Niño’s , the , was active

a year in which La Niña, the opposite ocean cooling cycle to El Niño, was taking place.

Context and Background

La Niña and its Relation to the Indian Monsoon

La Niña (Spanish for “The Little Girl”) is the cool phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, characterized by the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific. Historically, La Niña is associated with above-normal monsoonal rains in India. However, 2021 was a notable exception, where India recorded a deficient monsoon despite an active La Niña.

Sentence 12 of 21

English Original

However, that was also a year when the Indian Ocean Dipole, another ocean-atmosphere system that influences the monsoon, was in a negative phase.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

However

But; on the other hand.

Part 2

that

that year (2021).

Part 3

was

was (linking verb).

Part 4

also a year when the , another that influences the monsoon, was in a

also a year in which the Indian Ocean Dipole, another system of sea-air interaction that affects rainfall, was in a state that causes dry weather in India.

Context and Background

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and its Phases

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), or “Indian Niño,” is the sea surface temperature difference between the western and eastern tropical Indian Ocean. In a positive phase (+IOD), the western Indian Ocean is warmer, which enhances the Indian monsoon. In a negative phase (-IOD), the eastern Indian Ocean is warmer, which suppresses the Indian monsoon, often causing rain shortages even when Pacific conditions (like La Niña) are otherwise favorable.

Sentence 13 of 21

English Original

In fact, 2021 shows that even if the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific Ocean is favorable, a negative phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole can override it.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

In fact

Actually; indeed.

Part 2

2021

The year 2021.

Part 3

shows

demonstrates or proves.

Part 4

that even if the in the Pacific Ocean is , a negative phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole can it

that even if Pacific weather conditions are set up to help the monsoon, a dry phase in the Indian Ocean can cancel out those positive effects.

Context and Background

The Interaction Between ENSO and IOD

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in the Indian Ocean are the two key climate systems influencing the Indian monsoon. While La Niña (part of ENSO) usually brings good rain, a negative IOD can override this positive effect. Conversely, a positive IOD can offset the drought-causing effects of El Niño.

Sentence 14 of 21

English Original

This year, the El Niño, which is associated with a heating of the central Pacific waters, is in place.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This year

In the current year.

Part 2

the El Niño, which is a heating of the

the climate cycle known as El Niño, which is related to the warming of sea temperatures in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

Part 3

is (linking verb).

Part 4

established, active, or present in position.

Sentence 15 of 21

English Original

However, whether the IOD, which is currently in a neutral phase, will turn positive and assist the monsoon remains to be seen.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

However

But; on the other hand.

Part 2

whether the IOD, which is currently in a , will turn positive and the monsoon

whether the Indian Ocean Dipole, which is currently in a balanced state, will warm up in the west and help bring rain to India.

Part 3

remains

continues to be.

Part 4

to be seen

unknown and must be observed in the future.

Sentence 16 of 21

English Original

India is also facing an input crisis: the conflict in West Asia and the disruptions at the Strait of Hormuz have affected the energy and fertilizer supply chain.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India

The nation of India.

Part 2

is also facing

is currently experiencing or dealing with.

Part 3

a shortage of raw materials or resources required for production (like energy and fertilizer components).

Part 4

the conflict in and the at the

the military tensions in the Middle East and the blockages or shipping threats at the Strait of Hormuz.

Part 5

have affected

have impacted or caused trouble for.

Part 6

the energy and fertilizer

the system of importing and distributing petroleum, gas, and chemical components for farming.

Context and Background

Strait of Hormuz and India

The Strait of Hormuz is a crucial maritime chokepoint between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Over 60% of India’s crude oil imports, 50% of LNG imports, and a major portion of fertilizer inputs transit through this route. Geopolitical conflicts in West Asia and disruptions in the Strait directly jeopardize India’s energy security and agriculture by raising fuel prices and choking the fertilizer supply chain.

Sentence 17 of 21

English Original

While the impact has been managed so far, a prolonged period of rainfall deficit could worsen the situation, impacting agricultural yields and overall economic growth.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

While the impact has been managed so far

Although the negative consequences have been kept under control up to this point.

Part 2

a period of

a long-lasting shortage of monsoon rain.

Part 3

could worsen

has the potential to make things worse.

Part 4

the situation

the current economic and resource conditions.

Part 5

impacting and overall

which would negatively affect farming harvests and the overall development of the economy.

Sentence 18 of 21

English Original

The government must focus on enhancing reservoir storage and preparing for contingencies.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The government

The administrative authorities of the country.

Part 2

must focus

needs to direct its attention and efforts.

Part 3

on and preparing for

on increasing water levels in water-holding basins and setting up plans for emergencies.

Context and Background

Reservoir Management and Agricultural Contingency Planning

The Central Water Commission (CWC) monitors the live storage levels of over 160 major reservoirs in India, which supply water for irrigation and power. When monsoons are deficient, agricultural contingency plans—developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for over 600 districts—are implemented. These plans involve recommending drought-resistant crops, implementing micro-irrigation, and conserving soil moisture.

Sentence 19 of 21

English Original

Providing timely advisories, promoting micro-irrigation, and supporting crop diversification will be key.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Providing , promoting , and supporting

Giving agricultural advice on time, encouraging water-saving watering methods, and helping farmers grow different types of crops.

Part 2

will be

will be (linking verb).

Part 3

key

essential or crucial.

Context and Background

Micro-Irrigation and Crop Diversification in India

Under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) ‘Per Drop More Crop’ (PDMC) component, the Indian government provides subsidies (45-55%) to promote water-efficient micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler systems). Crop Diversification Programmes (CDP) encourage farmers to shift from water-intensive crops like paddy to climate-resilient alternatives such as pulses, oilseeds, millets, and maize, enhancing sustainability and climate resilience.

Sentence 20 of 21

English Original

Crucially, the government must also ensure that the supply of fertilizers is not disrupted.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Crucially

Most importantly; critically.

Part 2

the government

The state authorities.

Part 3

must also ensure

needs to make certain or guarantee.

Part 4

that the supply of is not

that the import and distribution of chemical nutrients for agriculture is not stopped or delayed.

Sentence 21 of 21

English Original

For a nation that is still heavily dependent on agriculture, there is no room for complacency.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

For a nation that is still on

For a country where many people still rely on farming to survive.

Part 2

there

there (existential dummy subject).

Part 3

exists.

Part 4

no room for

no reason or opportunity to become careless or stop making efforts.

Sentence 1 of 21

Sentences Breakdown

Editorial Summary

5-Point Summary

1 The southwest monsoon reached Kerala on June 4, three days after its normal date and four days behind the IMD’s forecast, marking a rare error beyond the agency’s margin.
2 While a delayed onset itself does not determine the total rainfall, the IMD’s overall forecast of a 90% seasonal average is unsettling.
3 The agency predicts a 60% probability of an outright deficient monsoon, representing its most pessimistic pre-season call in a decade.
4 This weak monsoon warning comes at a critical time as the country faces fuel and fertilizer crises due to West Asia conflicts.
5 The government must act immediately to manage groundwater and reservoirs, and guide farmers toward drought-resistant, short-duration crops.

Tone of the Editorial

Pessimistic

Why this tone?

The editorial highlights the serious threat of a deficient monsoon, referencing the IMD’s most pessimistic pre-season forecast in a decade. Phrases such as “unsettling”, “outright deficient”, and “history offers little comfort” reflect a grim and cautious perspective on the agricultural economy.

Sentence 1 of 21

The southwest monsoon reached Kerala on June 4, three days past its normal date and four days behind the India Meteorological Department’s own forecast.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The southwest monsoon

The seasonal rain-bearing winds that bring rainfall to India from June to September.

Part 2

reached

arrived at a destination.

Part 3

Kerala

A coastal state in southern India where the monsoon rains first hit the mainland.

Part 4

on June 4, three days past its normal date and four days behind the India Meteorological Department’s own forecast

on the fourth of June, which is three days later than the usual date (June 1) and four days later than the date predicted by the government weather agency.

Sentence 2 of 21

This is the first time since 2015 that the agency has misjudged the onset beyond its margin of error.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This

This situation of the monsoon arriving late and missing the predicted date.

Part 2

represents or equals.

Part 3

the first time since 2015 that the agency has misjudged the onset beyond its margin of error

the first occurrence in eleven years where the IMD’s prediction of when the monsoon starts was wrong by more days than their allowed margin of error.

Sentence 3 of 21

A late arrival, in itself, is no calamity.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

A late arrival

The delayed starting of the monsoon season.

Part 2

in itself

on its own, without considering other associated factors.

Part 3

is (linking verb).

Part 4

no calamity

not a disaster or a catastrophic event.

Sentence 4 of 21

The date on which the rains touch the Kerala coast has little statistical bearing on how much falls over the four months that follow.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The date on which the rains touch the Kerala coast

The specific day when the monsoon rains first arrive at the shores of Kerala.

Part 2

has

possesses or holds.

Part 3

little statistical bearing on how much falls over the four months that follow

very little mathematical connection to the total amount of rainfall during the remaining four months of the monsoon.

Sentence 5 of 21

Many times in the past, the monsoon has begun early and failed, and also begun late and recovered.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Many times in the past

On several occasions in previous years.

Part 2

the monsoon

The seasonal rain system in India.

Part 3

has begun early and failed, and also begun late and recovered

has started earlier than usual but given poor rain, and has also started later than usual but still improved to give good rain.

Sentence 6 of 21

It is what the monsoon has in store over the next four months that is unsettling.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The situation regarding the monsoon.

Part 2

is (linking verb).

Part 3

what the monsoon has in store over the next four months

what the rain system is going to bring during the upcoming four months.

Part 4

that is unsettling

which is causing worry or making people feel anxious.

Sentence 7 of 21

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The India Meteorological Department

The central government department responsible for weather forecasting and meteorology in India.

Part 2

has pegged

has fixed or estimated at a specific amount or level.

Part 3

seasonal rainfall

The total volume of rain that falls during the entire monsoon period.

Part 4

at 90% of the long-period average, with a 60% probability of an outright deficient year — its most pessimistic pre-season call in a decade

at ninety percent of the historical average rainfall, with a sixty percent chance of having a major rain shortage, which is their most negative prediction before the monsoon starts in ten years.

Sentence 8 of 21

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

While the northeast is expected to get normal rainfall

Although the northeastern part of the country is predicted to receive its usual amount of rain.

Part 2

the northwest, central India, the southern peninsula and the critical ‘monsoon core zone’ — which houses the majority of the country’s rain-fed agriculture —

the regions of northwest India, central India, the southern peninsula, and the key agricultural belt that depends heavily on rain for farming rather than artificial irrigation.

Part 3

are all expected

are forecasted by experts.

Part 4

to see shortfalls

to receive less rainfall than the historical normal.

Sentence 9 of 21

History offers little comfort.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

History

Past events and historical facts.

Part 2

offers

provides or presents.

Part 3

little comfort

very little hope or reassurance.

Sentence 10 of 21

Of the six occasions that India saw a deficient monsoon since 2000, five were years when the El Niño was active.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Of the six occasions that India saw a deficient monsoon since 2000

Out of the six times since the year 2000 when India had a shortage of monsoon rain.

Part 2

five

five of those years.

Part 3

were

were (linking verb).

Part 4

years when the El Niño was active

years during which the Pacific Ocean climate pattern known as El Niño was happening.

Sentence 11 of 21

The exception, 2021, was a year when El Niño’s counterpart, the La Niña, was active.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The exception, 2021

The only year among the six drought years that did not fit the El Niño pattern.

Part 2

was

was (linking verb).

Part 3

a year when El Niño’s counterpart, the La Niña, was active

a year in which La Niña, the opposite ocean cooling cycle to El Niño, was taking place.

Sentence 12 of 21

However, that was also a year when the Indian Ocean Dipole, another ocean-atmosphere system that influences the monsoon, was in a negative phase.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

However

But; on the other hand.

Part 2

that

that year (2021).

Part 3

was

was (linking verb).

Part 4

also a year when the Indian Ocean Dipole, another ocean-atmosphere system that influences the monsoon, was in a negative phase

also a year in which the Indian Ocean Dipole, another system of sea-air interaction that affects rainfall, was in a state that causes dry weather in India.

Sentence 13 of 21

In fact, 2021 shows that even if the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific Ocean is favorable, a negative phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole can override it.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

In fact

Actually; indeed.

Part 2

2021

The year 2021.

Part 3

shows

demonstrates or proves.

Part 4

that even if the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the Pacific Ocean is favorable, a negative phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole can override it

that even if Pacific weather conditions are set up to help the monsoon, a dry phase in the Indian Ocean can cancel out those positive effects.

Sentence 14 of 21

This year, the El Niño, which is associated with a heating of the central Pacific waters, is in place.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

This year

In the current year.

Part 2

the El Niño, which is associated with a heating of the central Pacific waters

the climate cycle known as El Niño, which is related to the warming of sea temperatures in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

Part 3

is (linking verb).

Part 4

in place

established, active, or present in position.

Sentence 15 of 21

However, whether the IOD, which is currently in a neutral phase, will turn positive and assist the monsoon remains to be seen.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

However

But; on the other hand.

Part 2

whether the IOD, which is currently in a neutral phase, will turn positive and assist the monsoon

whether the Indian Ocean Dipole, which is currently in a balanced state, will warm up in the west and help bring rain to India.

Part 3

remains

continues to be.

Part 4

to be seen

unknown and must be observed in the future.

Sentence 16 of 21

India is also facing an input crisis: the conflict in West Asia and the disruptions at the Strait of Hormuz have affected the energy and fertilizer supply chain.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

India

The nation of India.

Part 2

is also facing

is currently experiencing or dealing with.

Part 3

an input crisis

a shortage of raw materials or resources required for production (like energy and fertilizer components).

Part 4

the conflict in West Asia and the disruptions at the Strait of Hormuz

the military tensions in the Middle East and the blockages or shipping threats at the Strait of Hormuz.

Part 5

have affected

have impacted or caused trouble for.

Part 6

the energy and fertilizer supply chain

the system of importing and distributing petroleum, gas, and chemical components for farming.

Sentence 17 of 21

While the impact has been managed so far, a prolonged period of rainfall deficit could worsen the situation, impacting agricultural yields and overall economic growth.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

While the impact has been managed so far

Although the negative consequences have been kept under control up to this point.

Part 2

a prolonged period of rainfall deficit

a long-lasting shortage of monsoon rain.

Part 3

could worsen

has the potential to make things worse.

Part 4

the situation

the current economic and resource conditions.

Part 5

impacting agricultural yields and overall economic growth

which would negatively affect farming harvests and the overall development of the economy.

Sentence 18 of 21

The government must focus on enhancing reservoir storage and preparing for contingencies.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The government

The administrative authorities of the country.

Part 2

must focus

needs to direct its attention and efforts.

Part 3

on enhancing reservoir storage and preparing for contingencies

on increasing water levels in water-holding basins and setting up plans for emergencies.

Sentence 19 of 21

Providing timely advisories, promoting micro-irrigation, and supporting crop diversification will be key.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Providing timely advisories, promoting micro-irrigation, and supporting crop diversification

Giving agricultural advice on time, encouraging water-saving watering methods, and helping farmers grow different types of crops.

Part 2

will be

will be (linking verb).

Part 3

key

essential or crucial.

Sentence 20 of 21

Crucially, the government must also ensure that the supply of fertilizers is not disrupted.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Crucially

Most importantly; critically.

Part 2

the government

The state authorities.

Part 3

must also ensure

needs to make certain or guarantee.

Part 4

that the supply of fertilizers is not disrupted

that the import and distribution of chemical nutrients for agriculture is not stopped or delayed.

Sentence 21 of 21

For a nation that is still heavily dependent on agriculture, there is no room for complacency.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

For a nation that is still heavily dependent on agriculture

For a country where many people still rely on farming to survive.

Part 2

there

there (existential dummy subject).

Part 3

exists.

Part 4

no room for complacency

no reason or opportunity to become careless or stop making efforts.

Reading Comprehension

Practice questions based on this editorial

Reading Comprehension - Southwest Monsoon Preparedness

Practice reading comprehension questions based on the editorial about India's southwest monsoon forecast, El Nino impact, and agricultural contingency planning.

5 Questions Passing: 70%

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Politics and Governance 7 Economy 5 International Relations 2 Science and Technology 2 Environment 2 Society 0 Security 1 Infrastructure and Energy 2 Media and Communication 1 Miscellaneous 6

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Challenging Vocabulary 135 Idioms and Phrases 90 Phrasal Verbs 44

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Missed call: On India and the southwest monsoon

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Reading Comprehension - Southwest Monsoon Preparedness

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