The Hindu Editorial • April 09, 2026 • Read Original

At long last: On Kalpakkam reactor criticality, India’s regulatory regime

India must now revamp its nuclear regulatory regime

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Analysis of editorial from The Hindu newspaper on April 09, 2026

At long last: On Kalpakkam reactor criticality, India’s regulatory regime

India must now revamp its nuclear regulatory regime

Nuclear EnergyPFBR KalpakkamSHANTI ActAERBThree-Stage Nuclear Programme

Sentences

Sentence 1 of 22

English Original

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, achieving first criticality is a genuine cause for satisfaction, albeit a measured one.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, achieving first

The event where the new power plant at Kalpakkam started its nuclear reaction for the first time

Part 2

Represents a state of being

Part 3

a cause for satisfaction

A real reason to be happy or proud

Part 4

a one

Even though it is not a complete or total celebration because of some concerns

Context and Background

PFBR and First Criticality

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam is a key part of India’s nuclear energy strategy. Achieving ‘first criticality’ means the reactor has reached the stage where the nuclear fission chain reaction is self-sustaining, allowing it to start producing power.

Sentence 2 of 22

English Original

A Parliamentary Standing Committee reported this year that the project’s final cost is ₹8,181 crore, more than twice the sanctioned amount.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

A Parliamentary

A group of members from the Parliament who check specific government works

Part 2

reported

Gave an official account or statement

Part 3

this year

The current year (2026 in this context)

Part 4

that the project’s final cost is ₹8,181 crore, more than twice the amount

The fact that the plant cost over 8000 crores, which is more than double the original budget

Context and Background

Cost Overruns in PFBR

The PFBR project was initially sanctioned in 2003 with a budget of around ₹3,492 crore. Over the years, technical challenges and delays have pushed the cost to ₹8,181 crore, reflecting a 134% increase from the original estimate.

Sentence 3 of 22

English Original

Criticality itself is at least 16 years behind schedule; the fast reactor fuel cycle facility is expected to be commissioned by 2029, over a decade late.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Criticality itself

The start of the nuclear reaction by its own energy

Part 2

Currently exists in a certain state

Part 3

at least 16 years behind

The project is 16 years slower than the original plan

Part 4

the fast reactor fuel cycle

The plant that will process the nuclear fuel used in the reactor

Part 5

is expected to be

People believe it will officially start working

Part 6

by 2029

No later than the year 2029

Part 7

over a late

More than 10 years late

Context and Background

Schedule Delays and FRFCF

The PFBR was originally meant to be completed by 2010. Delays in construction and procurement have pushed it significantly. The Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility (FRFCF) is essential for the second stage, as it will reprocess spent fuel to provide fuel for future breeder reactors.

Sentence 4 of 22

English Original

Poor planning and flawed procurement, abetted by political insulation, are the causes of the delay.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Poor planning and

Bad strategy and incorrect ways of buying equipment

Part 2

by political

Helped or encouraged by the fact that the project was protected from political questioning

Part 3

are

Represents the current fact or state

Part 4

the causes of the delay

The reasons why things took longer than expected

Sentence 5 of 22

English Original

The PFBR is the first commercial-scale component of the second stage of India’s nuclear power programme.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The PFBR

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam

Part 2

Represents its current status

Part 3

the first of the second stage of India’s nuclear power programme

The first large-scale part of the second step in India’s long-term plan for nuclear energy

Context and Background

India

India’s nuclear programme, devised by Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, has three stages: 1) Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) using natural uranium, 2) Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR) like the PFBR using plutonium, and 3) Reactors using Thorium to achieve long-term energy independence.

Sentence 6 of 22

English Original

Its purpose is to use spent fuel, after reprocessing, from the first stage, and depleted uranium to produce more plutonium.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Its purpose

The reason why this reactor was built

Part 2

Represents the current state or definition

Part 3

to use

To reuse nuclear fuel that has already been used in other reactors

Part 4

after

After cleaning and preparing the used fuel to be used again

Part 5

from the first stage

Coming from the nuclear plants built in the first step of India’s plan

Part 6

and to produce more

Using low-quality uranium to create a powerful fuel called plutonium

Sentence 7 of 22

English Original

In the final stage, reactors will use plutonium and thorium as fuel.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

In the final stage

In the third and last step of India’s nuclear plan

Part 2

reactors

The nuclear power plants

Part 3

will use

Will consume or work with

Part 4

plutonium and

The specific radioactive materials used to produce energy

Part 5

as fuel

As the source of energy for the machines

Sentence 8 of 22

English Original

The programme’s design is based on India’s abundant thorium deposits, but this sword cuts both ways.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The programme’s design

The way India’s nuclear plan was created from the start

Part 2

is based on

Uses something as its main foundation or reason

Part 3

India’s thorium

The large amounts of thorium metal found in India’s soil (especially in beach sands)

Part 4

but this sword

Describes the strategy as a tool that can be both useful and harmful

Part 5

cuts

Can have an effect in different directions

Part 6

both ways

Meaning it has both good points (energy) and bad points (delays/risks)

Sentence 9 of 22

English Original

The nuclear establishment must also be scrupulous about the PFBR’s performance as it is prepared for commercial operation, and admit mistakes or under-performance plainly.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The nuclear

The group of government bodies and scientists who manage nuclear energy in India

Part 2

must also be

Is required to behave in a certain way

Part 3

about the PFBR’s performance

Being very careful, honest, and detailed about how well the plant is working

Part 4

as it is prepared for

While they are getting the plant ready to sell electricity to the public

Part 5

and admit

And tell the truth about something

Part 6

mistakes or

Errors made or the plant not working as well as it should

Part 7

plainly

In a simple and clear way, without hiding anything

Sentence 10 of 22

English Original

The goal is not to use thorium at any cost but to achieve energy security and self-sufficiency.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The goal

The main target or objective

Part 2

Represents the definition or state

Part 3

not to use thorium at any cost

It is not about using thorium regardless of the logic or money involved

Part 4

but to achieve and

But the real aim is to have our own reliable power supply for the country

Sentence 11 of 22

English Original

If the economics of solar and wind power render the current nuclear power paradigm a poor allocation of scarce public capital, that finding should honestly determine policy.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

If the economics of solar and wind power the current nuclear power a poor of

If using sun and wind energy is much cheaper than nuclear energy, making nuclear energy a waste of government money

Part 2

that finding

That specific piece of information or discovery

Part 3

should honestly determine

Ought to be used as the real basis for making a decision

Part 4

policy

Government rules and plans

Sentence 12 of 22

English Original

Nuclear power contributes around 3% of India’s electricity from 8.78 GW of installed capacity.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Nuclear power

Electricity generated using nuclear reactors

Part 2

contributes

Gives or provides a share of something

Part 3

around 3% of India’s electricity

Nearly 3 out of every 100 units of power used in India

Part 4

from 8.78 GW of

Out of the total power plants built to produce 8.78 billion watts of electricity

Sentence 13 of 22

English Original

The country has committed to becoming a net-zero economy by 2070 amid an energy demand growth that will be among the largest of any major economy over the next two decades.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The country

India

Part 2

has

Has made a formal promise or decision

Part 3

to becoming a by 2070

To ensure that the amount of greenhouse gases produced is equal to the amount removed from the atmosphere by 2070

Part 4

an that will be among the largest of any over the next two decades

While the need for electricity in India grows faster than in almost any other big country in the next 20 years

Context and Background

India

At the COP26 climate summit in 2021, India announced its target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. As its population and economy grow rapidly, its energy needs are expected to rise significantly, making clean energy sources like nuclear and renewables essential.

Sentence 14 of 22

English Original

Nuclear power facilities are expected to consume 6% of the land area required for equivalent solar power generation per unit of electricity produced.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Nuclear power facilities

The buildings and machines used to create nuclear energy

Part 2

are expected to consume

People believe they will use up a certain amount

Part 3

6% of the land area required for solar power of electricity produced

Only a very small piece of land compared to the huge area needed for solar panels to make the same amount of power

Sentence 15 of 22

English Original

Considering that India’s biodiversity commitments depend on not converting green cover, nuclear power offers a non-trivial path forward.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Considering that India’s depend on not converting

Since India has promised to protect nature and not cut down forests for industrial use

Part 2

nuclear power

Energy from atoms

Part 3

offers

Present or gives something as an option

Part 4

a path forward

A very important and useful way to make progress, not a small or easy one

Sentence 16 of 22

English Original

However, this assumes the DAE has overcome the administrative inertia that has characterised its performance since the early 2000s.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

However, this

But the statement made in the previous sentence

Part 2

assumes

Takes for granted or supposes as a starting point

Part 3

the has overcome the that has its performance since the early 2000s

That the Department of Atomic Energy has finally stopped being slow and inefficient, which has been its main problem for over 20 years

Sentence 17 of 22

English Original

The AERB’s current subordination to the DAE also means technically difficult developments of the PFBR sort have been accompanied by institutional opacity.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The ’s current to the DAE

The fact that the nuclear safety regulator (AERB) currently works under the control of the department it is supposed to supervise (DAE)

Part 2

also means

Leads to the logical conclusion that

Part 3

technically difficult developments of the PFBR sort have been by

That complex projects like the PFBR have been hidden from public questioning or clear reporting because of the way these organizations work

Sentence 18 of 22

English Original

The AERB was excluded from the PFBR’s safety reviews, leaving BHAVINI — the DAE unit that built the reactor — to conduct its own checks.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The AERB

The nuclear safety watchdog of India

Part 2

was

Was not allowed to participate or be involved in

Part 3

from the PFBR’s safety

From the process of checking if the reactor is safe for the public and environment

Part 4

leaving — the DAE unit that built the reactor — to conduct its own checks

Which meant the company that made the reactor (BHAVINI) had to check its own work for safely, which is not ideal

Sentence 19 of 22

English Original

Technicians and officials within the DAE and the AERB have long wanted the regulator to be independent of the promoter.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

and within the DAE and the AERB

The scientists, engineers, and government workers who work inside the nuclear departments

Part 2

have long wanted

Have had a strong desire for a long time

Part 3

the regulator to be of the

That the safety watchdog (AERB) should not be under the control of the group that builds reactors (DAE)

Sentence 20 of 22

English Original

The SHANTI Act, 2025, which provides the AERB with statutory status and independence, is a step in the right direction.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The SHANTI Act, 2025

A law passed in 2025 related to nuclear safety and health (Safety, Health, and Nuclear Technology Integrity Act)

Part 2

which provides the AERB with and independence

Which gives the nuclear watchdog a powerful legal position and the freedom to act without being controlled by others

Part 3

Represents its current value or role

Part 4

a step in the right direction

An idiom meaning an action that will help to achieve a good result or solve a problem

Sentence 21 of 22

English Original

The government should follow its logic and empower the regulator for nuclear power to succeed in India.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The government

The ruling body of India

Part 2

should follow

Ought to continue doing what makes sense based on their past actions (like the SHANTI Act)

Part 3

its logic

The sensible reasoning behind their current plans

Part 4

and

And give more authority and power to

Part 5

the regulator

The safety watchdog (AERB)

Part 6

for nuclear power to in India

So that produce electricity from atoms can be done correctly and efficiently in our country

Sentence 22 of 22

English Original

Otherwise, nuclear power’s small contribution could fall even further, becoming an expensive and irrelevant distraction from a climate-mitigation perspective.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Otherwise, nuclear power’s small

If changes are not made, the minor part that nuclear energy plays in India’s power

Part 2

could fall

Might decrease or go down

Part 3

even further

To an even lower level than it is now

Part 4

becoming an expensive and from a

Turning into a costly project that doesn’t actually help in the fight against climate change

Sentence 1 of 22

Sentences Breakdown

Editorial Summary

5-Point Summary

1 The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam has finally achieved first criticality, marking a key milestone in India’s nuclear power journey.
2 Despite this success, the project has faced massive delays of 16 years and cost overruns exceeding 100% due to poor planning and political insulation.
3 The PFBR is vital for the second stage of India’s three-stage nuclear programme, which aims to utilize thorium for long-term energy security.
4 Nuclear power remains a non-trivial option for India’s 2070 net-zero goals, especially considering its higher land-use efficiency compared to solar power.
5 The editorial calls for an immediate revamp of the regulatory regime (AERB and DAE) to separate the promoter from the regulator and ensure transparency.

Tone of the Editorial

Analytical

Why this tone?

The editorial adopts an analytical tone by balancing the praise for a technical milestone with a harsh examination of its economic and administrative failures. It uses data on costs and timelines to critique the status quo while objectively comparing nuclear and renewable energy land requirements. The call for regulatory reform is presented as a logical necessity rather than a purely emotional plea.

Sentence 1 of 22

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, achieving first criticality is a genuine cause for satisfaction, albeit a measured one.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, achieving first criticality

The event where the new power plant at Kalpakkam started its nuclear reaction for the first time

Part 2

Represents a state of being

Part 3

a genuine cause for satisfaction

A real reason to be happy or proud

Part 4

albeit a measured one

Even though it is not a complete or total celebration because of some concerns

Sentence 2 of 22

A Parliamentary Standing Committee reported this year that the project’s final cost is ₹8,181 crore, more than twice the sanctioned amount.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

A Parliamentary Standing Committee

A group of members from the Parliament who check specific government works

Part 2

reported

Gave an official account or statement

Part 3

this year

The current year (2026 in this context)

Part 4

that the project’s final cost is ₹8,181 crore, more than twice the sanctioned amount

The fact that the plant cost over 8000 crores, which is more than double the original budget

Sentence 3 of 22

Criticality itself is at least 16 years behind schedule; the fast reactor fuel cycle facility is expected to be commissioned by 2029, over a decade late.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Criticality itself

The start of the nuclear reaction by its own energy

Part 2

Currently exists in a certain state

Part 3

at least 16 years behind schedule

The project is 16 years slower than the original plan

Part 4

the fast reactor fuel cycle facility

The plant that will process the nuclear fuel used in the reactor

Part 5

is expected to be commissioned

People believe it will officially start working

Part 6

by 2029

No later than the year 2029

Part 7

over a decade late

More than 10 years late

Sentence 4 of 22

Poor planning and flawed procurement, abetted by political insulation, are the causes of the delay.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Poor planning and flawed procurement

Bad strategy and incorrect ways of buying equipment

Part 2

abetted by political insulation

Helped or encouraged by the fact that the project was protected from political questioning

Part 3

are

Represents the current fact or state

Part 4

the causes of the delay

The reasons why things took longer than expected

Sentence 5 of 22

The PFBR is the first commercial-scale component of the second stage of India’s nuclear power programme.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The PFBR

The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam

Part 2

Represents its current status

Part 3

the first commercial-scale component of the second stage of India’s nuclear power programme

The first large-scale part of the second step in India’s long-term plan for nuclear energy

Sentence 6 of 22

Its purpose is to use spent fuel, after reprocessing, from the first stage, and depleted uranium to produce more plutonium.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Its purpose

The reason why this reactor was built

Part 2

Represents the current state or definition

Part 3

to use spent fuel

To reuse nuclear fuel that has already been used in other reactors

Part 4

after reprocessing

After cleaning and preparing the used fuel to be used again

Part 5

from the first stage

Coming from the nuclear plants built in the first step of India’s plan

Part 6

and depleted uranium to produce more plutonium

Using low-quality uranium to create a powerful fuel called plutonium

Sentence 7 of 22

In the final stage, reactors will use plutonium and thorium as fuel.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

In the final stage

In the third and last step of India’s nuclear plan

Part 2

reactors

The nuclear power plants

Part 3

will use

Will consume or work with

Part 4

plutonium and thorium

The specific radioactive materials used to produce energy

Part 5

as fuel

As the source of energy for the machines

Sentence 8 of 22

The programme’s design is based on India’s abundant thorium deposits, but this sword cuts both ways.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The programme’s design

The way India’s nuclear plan was created from the start

Part 2

is based on

Uses something as its main foundation or reason

Part 3

India’s abundant thorium deposits

The large amounts of thorium metal found in India’s soil (especially in beach sands)

Part 4

but this sword

Describes the strategy as a tool that can be both useful and harmful

Part 5

cuts

Can have an effect in different directions

Part 6

both ways

Meaning it has both good points (energy) and bad points (delays/risks)

Sentence 9 of 22

The nuclear establishment must also be scrupulous about the PFBR’s performance as it is prepared for commercial operation, and admit mistakes or under-performance plainly.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The nuclear establishment

The group of government bodies and scientists who manage nuclear energy in India

Part 2

must also be

Is required to behave in a certain way

Part 3

scrupulous about the PFBR’s performance

Being very careful, honest, and detailed about how well the plant is working

Part 4

as it is prepared for commercial operation

While they are getting the plant ready to sell electricity to the public

Part 5

and admit

And tell the truth about something

Part 6

mistakes or under-performance

Errors made or the plant not working as well as it should

Part 7

plainly

In a simple and clear way, without hiding anything

Sentence 10 of 22

The goal is not to use thorium at any cost but to achieve energy security and self-sufficiency.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The goal

The main target or objective

Part 2

Represents the definition or state

Part 3

not to use thorium at any cost

It is not about using thorium regardless of the logic or money involved

Part 4

but to achieve energy security and self-sufficiency

But the real aim is to have our own reliable power supply for the country

Sentence 11 of 22

If the economics of solar and wind power render the current nuclear power paradigm a poor allocation of scarce public capital, that finding should honestly determine policy.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

If the economics of solar and wind power render the current nuclear power paradigm a poor allocation of scarce public capital

If using sun and wind energy is much cheaper than nuclear energy, making nuclear energy a waste of government money

Part 2

that finding

That specific piece of information or discovery

Part 3

should honestly determine

Ought to be used as the real basis for making a decision

Part 4

policy

Government rules and plans

Sentence 12 of 22

Nuclear power contributes around 3% of India’s electricity from 8.78 GW of installed capacity.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Nuclear power

Electricity generated using nuclear reactors

Part 2

contributes

Gives or provides a share of something

Part 3

around 3% of India’s electricity

Nearly 3 out of every 100 units of power used in India

Part 4

from 8.78 GW of installed capacity

Out of the total power plants built to produce 8.78 billion watts of electricity

Sentence 13 of 22

The country has committed to becoming a net-zero economy by 2070 amid an energy demand growth that will be among the largest of any major economy over the next two decades.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The country

India

Part 2

has committed

Has made a formal promise or decision

Part 3

to becoming a net-zero economy by 2070

To ensure that the amount of greenhouse gases produced is equal to the amount removed from the atmosphere by 2070

Part 4

amid an energy demand growth that will be among the largest of any major economy over the next two decades

While the need for electricity in India grows faster than in almost any other big country in the next 20 years

Sentence 14 of 22

Nuclear power facilities are expected to consume 6% of the land area required for equivalent solar power generation per unit of electricity produced.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Nuclear power facilities

The buildings and machines used to create nuclear energy

Part 2

are expected to consume

People believe they will use up a certain amount

Part 3

6% of the land area required for equivalent solar power generation per unit of electricity produced

Only a very small piece of land compared to the huge area needed for solar panels to make the same amount of power

Sentence 15 of 22

Considering that India’s biodiversity commitments depend on not converting green cover, nuclear power offers a non-trivial path forward.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Considering that India’s biodiversity commitments depend on not converting green cover

Since India has promised to protect nature and not cut down forests for industrial use

Part 2

nuclear power

Energy from atoms

Part 3

offers

Present or gives something as an option

Part 4

a non-trivial path forward

A very important and useful way to make progress, not a small or easy one

Sentence 16 of 22

However, this assumes the DAE has overcome the administrative inertia that has characterised its performance since the early 2000s.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

However, this

But the statement made in the previous sentence

Part 2

assumes

Takes for granted or supposes as a starting point

Part 3

the DAE has overcome the administrative inertia that has characterised its performance since the early 2000s

That the Department of Atomic Energy has finally stopped being slow and inefficient, which has been its main problem for over 20 years

Sentence 17 of 22

The AERB’s current subordination to the DAE also means technically difficult developments of the PFBR sort have been accompanied by institutional opacity.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The AERB’s current subordination to the DAE

The fact that the nuclear safety regulator (AERB) currently works under the control of the department it is supposed to supervise (DAE)

Part 2

also means

Leads to the logical conclusion that

Part 3

technically difficult developments of the PFBR sort have been accompanied by institutional opacity

That complex projects like the PFBR have been hidden from public questioning or clear reporting because of the way these organizations work

Sentence 18 of 22

The AERB was excluded from the PFBR’s safety reviews, leaving BHAVINI — the DAE unit that built the reactor — to conduct its own checks.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The AERB

The nuclear safety watchdog of India

Part 2

was excluded

Was not allowed to participate or be involved in

Part 3

from the PFBR’s safety reviews

From the process of checking if the reactor is safe for the public and environment

Part 4

leaving BHAVINI — the DAE unit that built the reactor — to conduct its own checks

Which meant the company that made the reactor (BHAVINI) had to check its own work for safely, which is not ideal

Sentence 19 of 22

Technicians and officials within the DAE and the AERB have long wanted the regulator to be independent of the promoter.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Technicians and officials within the DAE and the AERB

The scientists, engineers, and government workers who work inside the nuclear departments

Part 2

have long wanted

Have had a strong desire for a long time

Part 3

the regulator to be independent of the promoter

That the safety watchdog (AERB) should not be under the control of the group that builds reactors (DAE)

Sentence 20 of 22

The SHANTI Act, 2025, which provides the AERB with statutory status and independence, is a step in the right direction.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The SHANTI Act, 2025

A law passed in 2025 related to nuclear safety and health (Safety, Health, and Nuclear Technology Integrity Act)

Part 2

which provides the AERB with statutory status and independence

Which gives the nuclear watchdog a powerful legal position and the freedom to act without being controlled by others

Part 3

Represents its current value or role

Part 4

a step in the right direction

An idiom meaning an action that will help to achieve a good result or solve a problem

Sentence 21 of 22

The government should follow its logic and empower the regulator for nuclear power to succeed in India.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

The government

The ruling body of India

Part 2

should follow

Ought to continue doing what makes sense based on their past actions (like the SHANTI Act)

Part 3

its logic

The sensible reasoning behind their current plans

Part 4

and empower

And give more authority and power to

Part 5

the regulator

The safety watchdog (AERB)

Part 6

for nuclear power to succeed in India

So that produce electricity from atoms can be done correctly and efficiently in our country

Sentence 22 of 22

Otherwise, nuclear power’s small contribution could fall even further, becoming an expensive and irrelevant distraction from a climate-mitigation perspective.

Sentence Breakdown

Part 1

Otherwise, nuclear power’s small contribution

If changes are not made, the minor part that nuclear energy plays in India’s power

Part 2

could fall

Might decrease or go down

Part 3

even further

To an even lower level than it is now

Part 4

becoming an expensive and irrelevant distraction from a climate-mitigation perspective

Turning into a costly project that doesn’t actually help in the fight against climate change

Reading Comprehension

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Reading Comprehension - Kalpakkam Reactor Criticality

Practice reading comprehension questions based on the editorial about India's nuclear energy strategy and regulatory reforms.

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At long last: On Kalpakkam reactor criticality, India’s regulatory regime

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